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Manganese is an important element for iron-steel industry, and it is widely said “no manganese, no steel”. There are hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgical routes for the processing manganese ore. Hydrometallurgical processes can meet this demand with low content manganese ore. The actual output in 2013 was 1.1 million tons of EMM, down by 60,000 tons or 5.2% over 2012 (Figure 1). Although the decrease for a succession of two years was unprecedented in the Chinese EMM industry, it is still the biggest producer in the world, accounting for over 98.5% of the total output in the world [1]. Except for China, only South Africa has ore EMM plant with annual capacity of 30 kt. Chongqing City, located in the southwest of China, ranks second with its rhodochrosite ore, accounting about 83.74 million tons with content 16.55-27.96% manganese ore (Figure 2). There are mainly two countries processing manganese ore in Chongqing City to produce EMM as shown in Table 1, and manganese industry accounts for 85% and 75% of local GDP for Chengkou County and Xiushan County, respectively. But the sustainable development of the EMM industry is necessary to meet the social and environmental requirements associated with advances in science and technology.(
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