The most important biological factors related to pain include pain matrix alterations, cytokines and opioid levels, and gender. Psychological factors can be emotional disorders, such as prolonged depressive disorders, chronic anxiety and/or stress, or type of temperament and coping styles, all of which interfere with the individual functioning levels. Moreover, a social component of pain is linked to certain familial models, or to the particular culture concerning pain (for example, in medical assistance), to the social support received or perceived, and to several strengthened factors such as attention or economic costs. The cerebral processing of pain was in the recent past subdivided into somatosensory pain processing (mainly related to the lateral thalamic nuclei), affective pain processing (linked to the insula, anterior cingulate cortex and amygdala) and the cognitive aspect of pain processing (particularly involving the prefrontal cortex, posterior parietal cortex and hippocampus).
Riccardo G. V. Torta, Depressive Disorders and Pain: A Joint Model of Diagnosis and Treatment
OMICS Group International has established agreements with 1000+ Scientific associations by covering some or all of the publication costs for their individual researchers. It has 50,000+ editorial board members support to ensure a rapid and quality review process within the stipulated time. OMICS journals are indexed in the reputed: database like PubMed Central and Scopus. OMICS Journals of Life Sciences, medical, clinical, chemistry, pharmaceutical, engineering, omics, environment, and management are known for a very high impact factor of Life Sciences, medical, clinical, chemistry, pharma, engineering, omics, environment, and management.
Last date updated on September, 2024
Spanish 
Chinese 
Russian 
German 
French 
Japanese 
Portuguese 
Hindi