Renal osteodystrophy is also known as CKD-MBD (Chronic kidney disease- mineral and bone disorder). It occurs when the kidneys fail to maintain proper levels of calcium and phosphorous in the blood. This is accompanied by demineralization of the bone which results from electrolyte and endocrine imbalances. Renal osteodystrophy may show symptoms like joint pain, bone deformation, bone pain and bone fracture. It is most serious in children because the condition slows bone growth and causes deformities and short stature.
Open access to the scientific literature means the removal of barriers (including price barriers) from accessing scholarly work. There are two parallel roads towards open access: Open Access articles and self-archiving. Open Access articles are immediately, freely available on their Web site, a model mostly funded by charges paid by the author (usually through a research grant). The alternative for a researcher is self-archiving (i.e., to publish in a traditional journal, where only subscribers have immediate access, but to make the article available on their personal and/or institutional Web sites (including so-called repositories or archives)), which is a practice allowed by many scholarly journals.
Open Access raises practical and policy questions for scholars, publishers, funders, and policymakers alike, including what the return on investment is when paying an article processing fee to publish in an Open Access articles, or whether investments into institutional repositories should be made and whether self-archiving should be made mandatory, as contemplated by some funders.
Last date updated on April, 2024