Compared with white patients, black and Hispanic patients were less likely to receive pre-end-stage renal disease care, and less likely to be placed on the waitlist for kidney transplant. Compared with individuals with private insurance, individuals with Medicaid or without insurance were less likely to be placed on the waitlist. Only 24% of effected individuals had a permanent vascular access, and uninsured individuals were even less likely to have placement of vascular access. Asians and Hispanics are exceptional than Caucasians, admitting low risks of mortality and cardiovascular events, like heart attacks and strokes. Afro-Americans, however, had not so good health: both higher risks of cardiovascular events and mortality. Individuals under 40 years of age had even more risks, compared to their Caucasian associates. Afro-Americans were more likely to be hospitalized for heart failure and hemorrhagic stroke. Systemic lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune disease of unknown etiology which can cause multi-organ system damage and which disproportionately affects women and non-Caucasian minorities. Up to 60% of SLE patients develop renal disease, lupus nephritis, and of these, approximately 1/5th progress to end-stage renal disease. The risk of cardiovascular events and mortality is more in patients with end-stage renal disease and in particular in individuals suffering Systemic lupus erythematosus. However, information about cardiovascular outcomes and mortality is limited in patients with lupus nephritis associated end-stage renal disease.

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