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Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines play a key role in protecting from the pathogenesis of Leishmania infection, and their balance and dynamic changes may control or predict clinical outcome. Pro-inflammatory cytokines are created primarily to amplify inflammatory reactions; triggers the immune response to Leishmania infection. Cytokines are the major orchestrators of host defense processes and playing pivotal roles in modulating the host immune response against Leishmania parasite infection; and determine the resistance or susceptibility nature of the disease. These cytokines can be either proinflammatory cytokines or anti-inflammatory cytokines
