Abstract

Civil and political rights, the bedrock of democratic societies, are essential human rights that empower individuals to participate in the civil and political life of their communities. This research article examines the historical evolution, international legal framework, and contemporary challenges of these rights. It underscores their critical role in shaping democratic societies, fostering political engagement, and safeguarding human dignity. From the Magna Carta to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, these rights have a rich history. Today, they face challenges such as the erosion of freedom of speech, shrinking civic space, and threats to electoral integrity. In an era of rapid technological advancement, upholding these rights is pivotal for preserving the principles of democracy and ensuring the dignity of every individual.