Journal of Orthopedic Oncology
Open Access

Osteochondromas (OCs) being benign tumors of bone is detected predominantly in the metaphysis of long bones with around 35% of the cases arising from the bones about the knee joint. These tumors of bone are mostly asymptomatic but can show symptoms of pain if a fracture occurs at the base of the tumor, nerve impingement syndromes [1]. OCs usually presents as solitary or multiple forms, the former is roughly six times more common than the multiple form, the latter presents generally in cases of hereditary multiple exostosis [2,3]. A solitary Osteochondroma generally occurs in children and adolescents [4,5]. The prevalence of primary bone tumors of fibula is 2.5%. Pedunculated solitary OCs is more common than the sessile OCs. Here we present a sessile solitary Osteochondroma arising from posteromedial aspect of proximal fibula in an adolescent in an unusual location.

A 14-year-old female presented with swelling over the posterior and upper aspect of left leg. Initially, it was small in size and painless, which later progressed over a period of four years and grew to attain the present size. She occasionally had discomfort in squatting, sitting cross leg and consulted an Orthopaedician after 4 years of occurrence of the swelling, where X-rays were taken. There was no history of trauma, fever or any other constitutional symptoms. On clinical examination, a large swelling was seen over the posterior aspect of left proximal leg, which was approximately 8 x 6 cm. The swelling was irregular in shape, hard in consistency, non-tender, non-mobile and fixed to the underlying bone. The movement in the knee joint was not restricted, there were no neurovascular deficits in the affected limb.

Plain radiographs (AP and lateral view) of left leg with knee were taken, which revealed a large cauliflower like growth arising from posteromedial aspect of proximal fibula (Figure 1).

Figure 1: X-ray of left knee showing cauliflower like growth arising from posteromedial aspect of proximal fibula.

Before the patient was posted to surgery, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (Figure 2a) and Computed Tomography (Figure 2b) of left leg revealed a solitary sessile exostosis measuring 5 x 2.5 x 4.1 cm arising from posteromedial aspect of left proximal fibula without any contact with neurovascular structures or without compression over them (Figure 2a). MRI showed 4 mm thickness of the surrounding cartilaginous cap with marrow edema. Other laboratory investigations were normal.

Figure 2: (a) MRI image showing tumor arising from posteromedial aspect of left proximal fibula without invading/compressing adjacent neurovascular structures. (b) CT image showing bony mass arising from posteromedial aspect of left proximal fibula.

After doing a complete evaluation under combined spinal epidural anesthesia, en-block excision of tumor was performed (Figure 3). Patient was placed in prone position, A tourniquet was applied without exsanguination after venous backflow was achieved by limb elevation for 3-5 minutes. A lazy S-shaped incision extending from lateral aspect of calf region to midline posterior to fibula and tibia, superficial surgical dissection was done, common peroneal nerve was isolated. Muscle fibers were separated and fibula was exposed. En-block excision of tumor was performed (Figure 3a, 3b, 4). Bone wax was applied to the base of tumor after scooping out some part of marrow at the base of exostosis with drain in-situ wound was closed in layers. Intraoperative and postoperative periods were uneventful. A single dose of intravenous antibiotics was given pre-operatively and twice daily for five days, along with analgesics and anti-inflammatory drugs after surgery. Postoperative X-ray was taken which showed clear resection of tumor without any residues and without damaging epiphysis or fractures (Figure 5).

Figure 3: (a) Tumor mass after soft tissue dissection. (b) Image showing enblock excision of tumor with oscillating saw.

Figure 4: Image showing gross appearance of excised tumor.

Figure 5: Postoperative X-ray shows excised tumor without damaging epiphysis or fractures.

Histopathological examination of excised tumor confirmed the benign nature of osteochondroma chondroid tissue showing a chondroblastic activity without cytotoxic atypicality. Connective tissue composed from outside within a perichondrium with a chondrogenic cap and spongy bony substance (Figure 6) without any evidence of a malignant transformation. The patient’s recovery was uneventful, with no neurological functional impairment. She was subsequently followed up and showed no evidence of recurrence after 1 year of surgery.

SA

Figure 6: Histopathological image showing features of osteochondroma chondroid tissue showing a chondroblastic activity without cytotoxic atypicality.

Sir Astley Cooper was the first person to describe an Osteochondroma (OC) in 1818. By the time an individual attains skeletal maturity the growth of an OC usually ceases, these tumors rarely regress spontaneously throughout the childhood and puberty. In 90% of the cases these tumors are solitary and may be sessile or pedunculated with cartilaginous cap covering the tumor usually of 1-3 mm in thickness composed of hyaline cartilage and without cellular atypia [6]. Tumor favours the meta-epiphyseal region of the long bones like proximal tibia/humerus, distal femur, in other words more commonly around the knee. The cartilaginous cap is the site of growth, which normally diminishes after skeletal maturity. The tumor is presented as a locally benign neoplasm, which favors the metaepiphyseal region of long bones like the distal femur, as well as the proximal tibia or humerus in the extremity [7-9]. The normal anatomical course of nerves and vessels may be distorted leading to vascular compression syndromes, a pseudoaneurysm or peroneal nerve paralysis by a proximal fibular osteochondroma [10-13]. In our case report, in-spite of the huge cauliflower like shape, chronic duration and location of the tumor, still there was no neurovascular compromise. A case report by Manoj Kumar et al. [6] had similar features of presentation of OC arising from the proximal fibula where fibulectomy was performed due to fungative growth of tumor. Life expectancy is not affected by these tumors but in cases of multiple OCs, the risk of malignant transformation should be considered [14].

Thickness of the cartilagenous cap is appropriately measured by imaging studies like Ultrasound, CT and MRI. The thickness of cartilaginous cap exceeding 2 cm signifies possibilities of malignant transformation of an Osteochondroma mostly in adults who have attained complete skeletal maturity [15]. In our study thickness of the cartilaginous cap was 4 mm confirmed by MRI. X-rays showed bony outgrowth from the posteromedial aspect of proximal fibula. CT scan showed irregular lobulated sessile based bony outgrowth from posteromedial aspect of proximal fibula. MRI with contrast showed marrow edema within the tumor. En-block resection of tumor was done and then histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis as a benign exostosis. Postoperatively patient recovered uneventfully. Histopathological study confirms the diagnosis in almost all cases [16].

Incomplete resection of the sessile type of an OC might lead to recurrence and repeated surgical plan of action. There might also be ensuing disturbed growth and function following resection of entire tumor caused due to massive osseous defect [17].

Solitary occurrence of osteochondroma in an unusual location of bone and their early management is a debate, they can be resected once skeletal maturity is attained. It is not necessary that it needs urgent resection until and unless patient approaches with cosmetic deformity, discomfort and pressurising symptoms leading to neurovascular deficits.

None.