Toxicology: Open Access
Open Access

Plastics; Discard; Side effect; World human health

According to the Food and Agriculture (FAO) and World Health Organization (WHO several chemicals have been recommended for control of pests in agriculture, horticulture, veterinary, Stored product pests, and public health pests and vectors [1] (Table 1).

Table 1. The main chemicals for control of pests worldwide

Organophospahte Pesticides: parathion, malathion, methyl parathion, chlorpyrifos, dichlorvos, phosmet, fenitrothion, tetrachlorvinphos, azamethiphos, azinphos-methyl, terbufos, temephos, diazinon,

Pyrethroids Pesticides: allethrin, bifenthrin, cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, alpha-cypermethrin, cyphenothrin, deltamethrin, dibromovinyl, esfenvalerate, etofenprox, fenpropathrin, fenvalerate, flucythrinate, flumethrin, imiprothrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, metofluthrin, permethrin, phenothrin, prallethrin, resmethrin, silafluofen, sumithrin, tau-fluvalinate, tefluthrin, tetramethrin, tralomethrin, transfluthrin,

Carbamates Pesticides: aldicarb, aminocarb, bendiocarb, butocarboxim, carbaryl, carbofuran, carbosulfan, cumenyl methylcarbamate, dimetilan, ethiofencarb, fenobucarb, fenoxycarb, formetanate, formparanate, methiocarb, methomyl, metolcarb, mexacarbate, oxamyl, pirimicarb, promecarb, propoxur, thiofanox

Herbicides: 2,4-D, alachlor, alachlor + atrazine, atrazine,bensulide, bentazon, benefiin, bicyclopyrone, capric, carfentrazone-ethyl,clethodim, clomazone, clopyralid, cycloate, cyclohexylethylthiocarbamate, dcpa, dimethenamid, eptc, ethalfluralin, ethalfluralin + clomazone, ethofumesate, fluazifop, flumioxazin, fluthiacet-methyl, fluthiacet-methyl + mesotrione, fomesafen, glyphosate, halosulfuron-methyl, imazethapyr, imazosulfuron, linuron, mesotrione, metolachlor, metribuzin, (dimetric, metribuzin, napropamide, nicosulfuron, nicosulfuron + mesothione, norflurazon, oxyfluorfen, paraquat, pelargonic acid, pendimethalin, phenmedipham, prometryn, pronamide, pyraflufen-ethyl, pyroxasulfone, quizalofop p- ethyl, rimsulfuron, saflufenacil, simazine, s-metolachlor, sulfentrazone, tembotrione, terbacil, topramezone, trifloxyfulfuronsodium, trifluralin, triflusulfuron,

Fungicides: 2-methoxyethylmercury chloride, 2-phenylphenol,8-hydroxyquinoline sulfate, 8-phenylmercurioxyquinoline, acibenzolar, acylamino acid, acypetacs, aldimorph, aliphatic nitrogen fungicides, allyl alcohol, amide fungicides, ampropylfos, anilazine, anilide,aureofungin, azaconazole, azithiram, azoxystrobin, barium polysulfide, benalaxyl, benalaxyl-M, benodanil, benomyl, benquinox, bentaluron, benthiavalicarb, benzalkonium chloride, benzamacril, benzamide, benzamorf, benzanilide, benzimidazole, benzimidazole, benzimidazolylcarbamate, benzohydroxamic acid, benzothiazole fungicides, bethoxazin, binapacryl, biphenyl, bitertanol, bithionol, bixafen, blasticidin-S, Bordeaux mixture, boric acid, boscalid, bridged diphenyl, bromuconazole, bupirimate, Burgundy mixture, buthiobate, sec-butylamine, calcium polysulfide, captafol, captan,,carbamorph, carbanilate, carbendazim, carboxin, carpropamid, carvone, Cheshunt, mixture, chinomethionat, chlobenthiazone, chloraniformethan, chloranil, chlorfenazole, chlorodinitronaphthalene, chloroform, chloroneb, chloropicrin, chlorothalonil, chlorquinox, chlozolinate, ciclopirox, climbazole, clotrimazole, conazole, imidazoles, triazoles, copper(II) acetate, copper(II) carbonate, copper hydroxide, copper naphthenate, copper oleate, copper oxychloride, copper(II) sulfate, copper sulfate, copper zinc, chromate, cresol, cufraneb, cuprobam, cuprous oxide, cyazofamid, cyclafuramid, cyclic dithiocarbamate, cycloheximide, cyflufenamid, cymoxanil, cypendazole, cyproconazole, cyprodinil, dazomet, DBCP, debacarb, decafentin, dehydroacetic acid, dicarboximide, dichlofluanid, dichlone, dichlorophen, dichlorophenyl, dichlozoline, diclobutrazol, diclocymet, diclomezine, dicloran, diethofencarb, diethyl pyrocarbonate, difenoconazole, diflumetorim, dimethirimol, dimethomorph, dimoxystrobin, diniconazole, diniconazole-M, dinitrophenol,dinobuton, dinocap, dinocap-4, dinocap-6, dinocton, dinopenton, dinosulfon, dinoterbon, diphenylamine, dipyrithione, disulfiram, ditalimfos dithianon, dithiocarbamate,DNOC, dodemorph, dodicin, dodine, donatodine, drazoxolon, edifenphos, epoxiconazole, etaconazole, etem, ethaboxam, ethirimol, ethoxyquin, ethylene oxide, ethylmercury 2,3-dihydroxypropyl mercaptide, ethylmercury acetate, ethylmercury bromide, ethylmercury chloride, ethylmercury phosphate, etridiazole, famoxadone, fenamidone, fenaminosulf, fenapanil, fenarimol, fenbuconazole, fenfuram, fenhexamid, fenitropan, fenoxanil, fenpiclonil, fenpropidin, fenpropimorph, fentin, ferbam, ferimzone, fluazinam, fluconazole, fludioxonil, flumetover, flumorph, fluopicolide, fluoroimide, fluotrimazole, fluoxastrobin, fluquinconazole, flusilazole, flusulfamide, flutolanil, flutriafol, fluxapyroxad, folpet, formaldehyde, fosetyl, fuberidazole, furalaxyl, furametpyr, furamide, furanilide, furcarbanil, furconazole, furconazole-cis, furfural, furmecyclox, furophanate, glyodin, griseofulvin, guazatine, halacrinate, hexachlorobenzene, hexachlorobutadiene, hexachlorophene, hexaconazole, hexylthiofos, hinokitiol, hydrargaphen, hymexazol, imazalil, imibenconazole, imidazole,iminoctadine, inorganic mercury, iodomethane, ipconazole, iprobenfos, iprodione, iprovalicarb, isavuconazole, isopropyl alcohol, isoprothiolane, isovaledione, isopyrazam, itraconazole, kasugamycin, ketoconazole, kresoxim-methyl, Lime sulfur,mancopper, mancozeb, maneb, mebenil, mecarbinzid, mepanipyrim, mepronil, mercuric chloride, mercuric oxide,mercurous chloride, metalaxyl, metalaxyl-M, metam, metazoxolon, metconazole, methasulfocarb, methfuroxam, methyl bromide, methyl isothiocyanate, methylmercury benzoate, methylmercury dicyandiamide, methylmercury, pentachlorophenoxide, metiram, metominostrobin, metrafenone, metsulfovax, milneb, morpholine, myclobutanil, myclozolin, N-(ethylmercury)-p-toluenesulfonanilide, nabam, natamycin, nystatin, β-nitrostyrene, nitrothal-isopropyl, nuarimol, OCH, octhilinone, ofurace,oprodione, organomercury fungicides, organophosphorus fungicides, organotin fungicides, orthophenyl phenol, orysastrobin, oxadixyl, oxathiin fungicides, oxazole fungicides, oxine copper, oxpoconazole, oxycarboxin, paclobutrazol, pefurazoate, penconazole, pencycuron, pentachlorophenol, penthiopyrad, phenylmercuriurea, phenylmercury acetate, phenylmercury chloride, phenylmercury derivative of pyrocatechol, phenylmercury nitrate, phenylmercury salicylate, phenylsulfamide fungicides, phosdiphen, Phosphite, phthalide, phthalimide fungicides, picoxystrobin, piperalin, polycarbamate, polymeric dithiocarbamate fungicides, polyoxins, polyoxorim, polysulfide fungicides, posaconazole, potassium azide, potassium polysulfide, potassium thiocyanate, pramiconazole, probenazole, prochloraz, procymidone, propamocarb, propiconazole, propineb, proquinazid, prothiocarb, prothioconazole, pterulone, pyracarbolid, pyraclostrobin, pyrazole fungicides, pyrazophos, pyridine fungicides, pyridinitril, pyrifenox, pyrimethanil, pyrimidine fungicides, pyroquilon, pyroxychlor, pyroxyfur, pyrrole fungicides, quinacetol, quinazamid, quinconazole, quinoline fungicides, quinomethionate, quinone fungicides, quinoxaline fungicides,quinoxyfen, quintozene, rabenzazole, ravuconazole, salicylanilide, silthiofam, silver, simeconazole, sodium azide, sodium bicarbonate, sodium orthophenylphenoxide, sodium pentachlorophenoxide, sodium polysulfide, spiroxamine, streptomycin, strobilurin fungicides, sulfonanilide fungicides, sulfur, sulfuryl fluoride, sultropen, TCMTB, tebuconazole, tecloftalam, tecnazene, tecoram, tetraconazole, thiabendazole, thiadifluor, thiazole fungicides, thicyofen, thifluzamide, thujaplicins, thymol, triforine, thiocarbamate fungicides, thiochlorfenphim, thiomersal, thiophanate, thiophanatemethyl, thiophene fungicides, thioquinox, thiram, tiadinil, tioxymid, tivedo, tolclofos-methyl, tolnaftate, tolylfluanid, tolylmercury acetate, triadimefon, triadimenol, triamiphos, triarimol, triazbutil, triazine fungicides, triazole fungicides, triazoxide, tributyltin oxide, trichla mide,tricyclazole,tridemorph, trifloxystrobin, triflumizole,triforine, triticonazole, unclassified fungicides, Undecylenic acid, uniconazole, uniconazole-P, urea fungicides, validamycin, valinamide fungicides, vinclozolin, voriconazole, zarilamid, zinc naphthenate, zineb, ziram. Mosquito-borne diseases or mosquito-borne illnesses are diseases caused by bacteria, viruses or parasites transmitted by mosquitoes. Nearly 700 million people get a mosquito-borne illness each year resulting in over one million deaths.. Diseases transmitted by mosquitoes include malaria, dengue, West Nile virus, chikungunya, yellow fever, filariasis, tularemia, dirofilariasis, Japanese encephalitis, Saint Louis encephalitis, Western equine encephalitis, Eastern equine encephalitis, Venezuelan equine encephalitis, Ross River fever, Barmah Forest fever, La Crosse encephalitis, and Zika fever, as well as newly detected Keystone virus and Rift Valley fever. Figure 1shows the global dead due to vector-borne diseases. Mosquitoes including Anopheles, Aedes and Culex species lay their eggs in the water. After raining all the discarded tyers and plastics will fill with water. These discarded plastics play an important role as breeding places of mosquitoes (Fig. 2). After emerging of mosquitoes from breeding places they transmit different diseases to human. There are several outbreaks of mosquito-borne diseases in the discarded tiyers and plastics in the world [2]

Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs): POPs includes: pesticides, industrial chemicals and waste by- products. These POPs are: aldrin, chlordane. dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane (DDT), dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor, hexachlorobenzene, mirex, toxaphene, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins(dioxins), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (furans). They remain intact for exceptionally long periods of time (many years); become widely distributed throughout the environment as a result of natural processes involving soil, water and,most notably, air; accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms including humans, and are found at higher concentrations at higher levels in the food chain; and are toxic to both humans and wildlife (Figures 1 and 2).

Figure 1: Global dead due to vector-borne diseases.

Figure 2: Discarded tyers and plastics as breeding places of mosquitoes.

Plastics are now the most widely used man-made substances and have become omnipresent in every aspect of our lives (Figure 3).

Figure 3: Inadequately disposed plastic wastes by the countries.

Figure 4: Distribution of discarded plastics in different parts of nature in the world.

Plastic pollution can afflict land, waterways and oceans. It is estimated that 1.1 to 8.8 million tons of plastic waste enters the ocean from coastal communities each year. Scientists predict 700 million tons of plastic waste by 2040. Single use plastics are projected to increase by over 40 per cent in the next ten years and the amount of plastic flowing into oceans each year will more than double by 2040. In the nature several creature my suffer from plastic and effect on their physiology and longevity[5] (Figures 5 and 6).

Figure 5: Decomposition years of plastics.

Figure 6: Discarded plastics effect on the physiology and lifetime of creatures.

Figure 7: Plastics act host for invasive species as plastics cross oceans.

Involved

Not applicable

The author declare that there is no conflict of interest.

Applicable

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