Mean Platelet Volume Measurements Affecting Evaluation of Parameters
in Dialysis Patients

Nilgul Akalin; Mehmet Koroglu; Selcuk Sezikli; Senol Senturk; Murat Asik

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Mean Platelet Volume Measurements Affecting Evaluation of Parameters in Dialysis Patients

*Nilgul Akalin^1, Mehmet Koroglu², Selcuk Sezikli³, Senol Senturk⁴and Murat Asik⁵**
¹�?°nternal Medicine and Nephrology, Bakirkoy Dr Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
²Medical Park Medical School, Bakirkoy Street, Istanbul, Turkey
³�?°nternal Medicine, Bakirkoy Dr Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital,Turkey
⁴Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdo�?�?an University, Islampasa, Turkey
⁵Department of Radiology, Istanbul Universty Cerrahpasa Medical School, Turkey
*Corresponding Author :	Nilgul Akalin MD Bakirkoy Dr Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital Istanbul, Turkey Tel: + 09 05321200274 Fax: 0312 2464 E-mail: nilnef@hotmail.com
Received September 07, 2015; Accepted December 15, 2015; Published December 18, 2015
Citation:Akalin N, Koroglu M, Sezikli S, Senturk S, Asik M (2015) Mean Platelet Volume Measurements Affecting Evaluation of Parameters in Dialysis Patients. Kidney Disord Clin Pract 1:101. doi:10.4172/kdc.1000101
Copyright: © 2015 Akalin N, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

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Abstract

Background: We aimed to show the levels of mean platelet volum and also; the existence of effects parameters was investigated on mean platelet volum levels; in patients with dialysis replasman treatment.

Materials: This study was included to the control group and patients with peritoneal dialysis and patients with hemodialysis treatments and their dialysis adequate were ensured. Venous blood samples were taken from all of the cases and mean platelet volum levels, platelet, hemoglobin, insulin resistance, C-peptide and biochemical parameters were measured.

Results: �?°nsulin resistance and C-peptid levels were found higher in the control group than in the dialysis groups. Platelet levels were found significiantly higher in dialysis groups than the control group and platelet levels were determined to be higher in the peritoneal dialysis group than the patients with hemodialysis group. Mean platelet volum levels were found higher in the dialysis patient groups than the control group. No difference statistical was observed for the levels of mean platelet volum; between dialysis groups. The relationship between was not shown to the levels of mean platelet volum with other parameters; in patients with dialysis treatment. Positive correlation was found the between platelet counts with mean platelet volum; in the control group.

Conclusion: We thought that the precence of end stage renal disease and dialysis therapies might cause to increase of mean platelet volum levels; in dialysis patients. This condition can be explained by the increase of atherosclerotic complication risk and inflammation risk; in dialysis patients.

Keywords

Hemodialysis; Mean platelet volume; Peritoneal dialysis

Introduction

Currently it is known that morbidite and mortality risk increase in patients with hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis treatment; compared with general population. Cardiovascular diseases are an important risk factor for increase of morbidity and also; they can lead to death in dialysis patients. Additionally; vascular calcification, inflammation hyperparatiroidism and arteriel stifness may cause to the development of inflammation and atheroscklerosis and thereby; they contribute to the increase of morbidity; in the every stage of chronic renal diseases [1,2].

The association between is shown to be continuous chronic inflammation with the development of cardiovascular diseases; in dialysis patients. �?°t is thought that the precence of chronic inflammation might cause to continuous of progression of atheroscklerosis and this condition could contribute to the development of cardiovascular diseases; in the end-stage renal diseases. Also; it is known that the existence of relationship between uremia toxins with inflammation but their’ effect mechanisms are not clearly explained; in dialysis patients [3,4]. �?°n some studies were shown that dialysis modality caused to the development of inflammation; by uremia toxins. This condition was explained that middle molecule uremic toxins and especially protein- bound uremic toxins are not adequate provide removal by dialysis modality. Because; the relationship between is found middle molecule uremic toxins and especially protein- bound uremic toxins with the development of hyperinflammation and progression of atheroscklerosis and the increase of cardiovascular disease risk [5]. Therefore; it is accepted that uremic toxins are an important risk factor for the development of inflammation and atherosclerosis.

The development of cardiovascular diseases are multifactoriel; in dialysis patients. Recently; mean platelet volum has been used as a biomarker to predict of cardiovascular diseases. It was determined in in-vitro studies that platelets became enzymatically and metabolically more active with increased platelet volume and they contained more prothrombotic materials. �?°ncreased mean platelet volum contribute to the development of inflammation. Essentially; mean platelet volum levels effect on platelet activation and platelet function and atherotrombotic disease risk. However; the increase of mean platelet volum levels associated with elevated plasma Tromboxan B2 levels and shortened of bleeding time, increased ADP-associated aggregation response, prostacyclin-associated aggregation-inhibition [6,7].

�?°t is shown that mean platelet volum can be effected by metabolic parameters and lifestyle such as age, gender, blood pressure, body mass index, alchol intake, smoking habits, lipid profils and fasting blood glucose [8,9]. Although; the increase of mean platelet volum levels associated with various metabolic disorders such as obesity, insulin resistance, prediabetes mellitus and diabetes mellitus.

Platelet function disorders can lead to bleeding and so they can cause to the development of anemia; in the every stage chronic renal disease. However; platelet function disorders contribute to the development of trombosis; especially in dialysis patients. Recently; it is tried to show the association between mean platelet volum levels with inflammation and atheroscklerosis but different results are gained. Some studies indicating that mean platelet volume levels in dialysis patient do not change in addition to the studies indicating presence of a negative correlation between reduced glomerular filtration rate and mean platelet volume [10,11].

However; there is no consensus on the effects of MPV values in chronic kidney patients and dialysis patients [12].

We aimed to show the levels of mean platelet volum and also; the relationship between body mass index, insulin resistance, C-peptide and other biochemical parameters with mean platelet volüm; in patients with hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis treatments. Apart from; the aim of this study was to demonstrate the levels of MPV could be an important indicator for the predict of cardiovascular diseases risk; in dialysis patients.

Materials

This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Bakirkoy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital (Grand number: 491/2014) and conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. This study was not supported from any third party and the work was received any financial support.

Thirty peritoneal dialysis and 42 hemodialysis patients and 16 healty subjects aged 18-65 years who had followed-up and treated regularly and with adequate dialysis were included to the study. Histories of all patients were guestioned. Especially; the existence of acute inflammation (upper respiratory infection, pneumonia etc.), and chronic inflammation (collagen tissue disease, malignancy, diabetic foot etc.) were questioned because they can effect on platelet counts and cause to the development of platelet function disorders. During study; fever, cough, weight loss, joint pain and swelling etc. like the problems had patients; patients using antibiotics or chemotherapy were excluded from this study. Additionally; patients’ physical muayne were made in order to exclude the presence acute and chronic inflammation. Diagnosis of diabetes mellitus (once; fasting blood glucose ≥ 126 mg/ dl or anytime; blood glucose ≥ 200 mg/dl had been accepted as diabetes mellitus), obesite (BMI ≥ 29.9 kg/m² ), myocardial infarction (last six months) or ischemic cerebrovascular disease were excluded from the study. All patients in the dialysis group were measured urine output below 100-300 cc/day, therefore residual renal function was not evaluated. Weight and height of all cases were recorded and also; their’ BMI (Body Mass Indices) were calculated. However; all participants were measured urea, creatinine, C-peptide, HOMA-IR (insulin resistance), LDL-cholesterol, HDL –cholesterol, hemoglobin, platelet, mean platelet volum. �?°n this study was aimed to show the relationship between mean platelet volume with urea, creatinine, C-peptide, HOMA-IR , LDL- cholesterol, HDL–cholesterol, hemoglobin.

Hemodialysis patients were receiving four-hour dialysis replacement therapy three days in a week. Standard dialysate solutions (Na: 140 mmol/l; K: 0,1,2,3 mmol/l; HCO₃: 35 mmol/l; Cl: 135 mmol/l; Ca: 1.25-1.75 mmol/l; Mg: 0.5 mmol/l) were used in hemodialysis patients but according to the patient’ clinical and biochemical features were changed dialysate content. Biocompatible membrane polysulfone was used in hemodialysis patients. Kt/V >1,4 and URR> 70% were calculated to the patient with hemodialysis renal replasman treatment. The patients with peritoneal dialysis made a daily 4-6 exchanges with peritoneal dialysis solutions that they including 2000-2500 ml, 1.5% and 2.3% glucose and 1.25 mmol/L, 1.75 mmol/L calcium. The assessment of Kt/V values of all peritoneal dialysis patients were 1.7 and greater had been fulfilled.

Body mass indices (BMI) of all patients were calculated. �?°n the patients with dialysis treatment were evaluated dry weights. For this purpose, the following formula was used: BMI (kg/m²) = (body weight)/(height)².

Venous blood samples were taken from all of the patients included in the study after 12 hours of fasting and simultaneously and sent to the laboratory in appropriate conditions (without hemolysis etc.). Serum urea levels were measured by using Abbott ARCHITECTH device and Urease, Kinetic Method and serum creatinine levels were measured by using Abbott ARCHITECTH device and Alkaline Picrate method.

Serum insulin levels were calculated by Siemens Immulite 2000 device and Enzyme Chemiluminometric Immunoassay method used. Insulin resistance, Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA-IR) method was used to calculate insulin resistance and the values below 2.5 mmol/litre were considered to be normal.

HOMA-IR=fasting plasma glucose (mg/dl) × fasting insulin level (μU/ml)/405.

C-peptide was studied with Siemens Immulite 2000 device using two-way Chemiluminometric Immunoassay method. Normal range was accepted as a 0.5-2.71 ng/ml.

LDL-cholesterol levels were measured by using Abbott ARCHITECTH device and Immunoturbidimetric Method.

HDL-cholesterol levels were measured by using Abbott ARCHITECTH device and Non-immunological method.

Hemoglobin values were studied with Beckman Coulter device using Beckman method.

Abbot, Cell Dyn Ruby device was used to the evaluation of platelet levels and mean platelet volum, in all cases. Normal range was accepted to the levels of platelet as a 100.000 mm³ /L - 300. 000 mm³/L. Normal value range of MPV levels was accepted as 7.4-12 femtolitres.

Statistical Evaluation

In this study, NCSS (Number Cruncher Statistical System) 2007 (NCSS, LLC Kaysville, Utah, USA) package program was used for the statistical analysis. During the evaluation of the data obtained from the study, independent t test was used for the intergroup comparisons of descriptive statistical methods (mean, standard deviation, inter quartile range) as well as comparisons of parameters with normal distribution, Oneway Anova test was used. Tukey HDS ve Games Howell tests were used to determine the groups causing the difference. Kruskal Wallis test was used for the comparisons of parameters without normal distribution. Mann Whitney U test was used for the determination of the group causing difference and for the comparison of two groups. Pearson’s and Spearman’s correlation coefficients were used to determine the relationship between variables.

Results

This study was performed in Nephrology Clinic of Bakirkoy Dr Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital; between 2013 and 2014 years. This study was included the patients with hemodialysis treatment (n=42, 40.8%), peritoneal dialysis patients (n= 30, 29.1%) and healty subjects (n= 16, 15.5%) who had followed-up and treated regulary (Table 1).

Distribution of ages of all cases was found between 20-65 years and their’ mean age was determined to 46.69±16.13 years. Mean BMI of both the patient groups and control group was measured as a 24.60 ± 4.95 kg/m². The betwen hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis groups were not difference found; compared to dialysis durations (Table 2).

Statistically significantly difference was found to be the between BMI assesment of the groups; considering to the evaluation of Games- Howell test results (p=0.001; p<0.01). The assesment of BMI was found higher in the peritoneal dialysis group than in the hemodialysis and control group (p=0.001; p=0.014; p<0.05) (Table 3).

The levels of urea were determined higher in the hemodialysis patient group than in the peritoneal dialysis patient group and control group (p=0.005; p=0.001; p<0.01). The levels of creatinine were found higher in the hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis groups than in the control group (p=0.001; p<0.01) (Table 3).

Compared to the groups; statistically significantly difference was found to be the between C- peptide levels. Mann- Whitney U test was used to the evaluation of C- peptide levels and the levels of Cpeptide were determined higher in the hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis groups than the control group (p=0.001; p<0.01). The between of C-peptide levels was not found difference; in hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients (p>0.05) (Table 3).

�?°mportant differences were found between the groups; compared to the existence of insulin resistance (p=0.002; p<0.01). �?°nsulin resistance was found higher in the control group than in the dialysis groups (p=0.005; p=0.045; p<0.05) (Table 3).

Average LDL- cholesterol levels were found higher in peritoneal dialysis patients than in hemodialysis patients (p=0.002; p<0.01) (Table 3).

Statistically significant difference was observed the between average HDL- cholesterol levels. The levels of HDL- cholesterol were found higher in the control group than in the hemodialysis group (p=0.009; p=0.014; p<0.05). No statistically significant difference was determined to the average HDL- cholesterol levels; in the peritoneal dialysis and control groups (p>0.05) (Table 3).

The platelet counts were determined higher in the hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis groups than the control group and the average platelet counts were found higher in the peritoneal dialysis group than in the hemodialysis group; respectively (p=0.005; p=0.001; p=0.001; p<0.01 and p=0.001; p<0.01) (Table 3).

Mean platelet volume (MPV) large levels were measured higher in the hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis groups than control group and no statistically significant difference was observed between mean platelet volum large levels, in the dialysis groups; respectively (p=0.024; p=0.001; p=0.002; p<0.05 and p>0.05) (Table 3).

The relationship between was not demonstrated the levels of MPV large with the levels of urea, creatinine, hemoglobin, platelet, HOMAIR, BMI, LDL- cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and C- peptide; in patients with hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis treatment (p>0.05) (Table 4).

No statistically significant difference was shown the between levels of MPV with the levels of urea, creatinine, hemoglobin, HOMA-IR, BMI, LDL- cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and C- peptide; in the control group (p>0.05). Positive correlation was demonstrated the between MPV levels with the number of platelets; in the control group ( the relationship between was found to be 82,3%) (r=0.823; p=0.001; p<0.01) (Table 4).

Mann-Whitney U Test performed to determine the difference; platelet values were determined higher in hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients than in the control group (p=0.005; p=0.001; p=0.001; p<0.01); platelet values were determined higher in the peritoneal dialysis groups than in hemodialysis group (p=0.001; p<0.01) (Table 5). According to the groups; MPV variable was found to be statistically significant (p=0.002; p<0.01). According to the results of Mann- Whitney U Test performed to determine the difference; MPV values of the patients in hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis were determined to be statistically significantly higher compared to MPV values of the cases in control groups (p=0.024; p=0.001; p<0.05) (Table 5).

Discussion

Declines of glomerul filtration rate cause to progressively increase of athero-thrombotic risk and platelet function disorders and cardiovascular diseases risk. Recently; it is suggested that larger platelets are used to be as a biomarker for predictive of cardiovascular disease risk. Also; increase of the platelet size contribute to increasing risk of cardiovascular disease; in every-stage of chronic renal disease [13,14].

Mean platelet volum is an indicator of platelet function and platelet activity. Also; mean platelet volum correlates with betathromboglobulin release and thromboxane synthesis and adhesion molecule expression. Many studies have been shown that mean platelet volum plays an important role for the development of endothelial injury and endothelial dysfunction. Mean platelet volum levels increase in certain vascular risk factor states. Also; increase of mean platelet volum is determined in the existense of many disease such as obesity, microalbuminuria, hypercholesterolemia, acute myocardial infarction, glucose metabolism disorders, stroke and cardiovascular disease etc. [15]. Especially; MPV levels can be important for predict an outcome following cardiovascular diseases [16]. Some studies demonstrated that age, fasting plasma glucose and serum creatinine effected on MPV; in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus [17]. Apart from; it was found that correlated to be the between body mass indices with elevated mean platelet volum; in obese patients. �?°n this study was determined that weight loss might cause to the reduction of MPV; in obese patients [18,19]. Similarly; MPV correlated with waist circumference and body mass indices and platelet count; in patients with metabolic syndrome. We aimed to demonstrate the differences of mean platelet volum levels; the betwen peritoneal dialysis patients with hemodialysis patients. However; we tried to determine the association between an important contibutors such as biochemical parameters and hemoglobin, platelet and some metabolic parameters with MPV, in dialysis patients.

�?°n our study was found to be higher body mass indices, plazma LDL-cholesterole and C-peptide levels in peritoneal dialysis patients than in hemodialysis patients and the control group. Currently; glucose- containing peritoneal dialysis solutions (PDF) are used in peritoneal dialysis treatment and it is suggested that due to glucose containing of PDF may lead to the metabolic disorders include weight gain, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance and worsened glycemic control; when used for a long time [20]. Although; plazma C-peptide levels of patients with peritoneal dialysis were determined to be more higher than other groups. C- peptid is secreted from proinsulin. C- peptide and it’ effects on adipos tissue regulate the synthesis of adipocytokine; in visceral adipose tissue. Also; C- peptide controls the inflammatory and macrocirculation and microcirculation and glomerular filtration. C-peptide at the concentrations above physiological is proinflammatory effects. Recently; it has been thought that can be the association between plazma C-peptide levels with obesite [21]. �?°n many studies were demonstrated that elevated plazma C- peptid levels could contribute to the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus and atheroscklerosis. �?°n our study; elevated of plazma C- peptid levels could show increase of atheroscklerosis risk and increase of the development risk of type 2 diyabetes mellitus; in peritoneal dialysis patients.

�?°n this study, insulin resistance was found in the normal range, in the control and dialysis groups. This condition might explained by lack of obesitiy and in the normal range of fasting blood glucose, in the control and dialysis groups.

We found to be in the range of normal value the levels of MPV, in the dialysis and control groups. As well as; in our study was demonstrated to be elevated of MPV levels in peritoneal dialysis patients and in hemodialysis patients; when compared with MPV levels of the control group. �?°n some studies; positive correlation is shown the between MPV levels with declines of glomerul filtration. Loss of renal function of the hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis groups might cause to the changes of MPV levels, in our study. �?°t is suggested to be the relationship between larger platelets with endotelial dysfunction, vascular injury and atheroscklerosis. �?°n additionally; it is known that increase of chronic inflammation, endotelial injury and atheroscklerosis risk seen in dialysis patients. Accordingly; elevated MPV levels of dialysis patients could show to be increased of the risk of atheroscklerosis and cardiovascular disease, in our study. However; the association between was not demonstrated MPV with biochemical parameters, body mass indices and insulin resistance and C-peptide; in our study. Features of patients and determining the range of normal value MPV and lack not insulin resistance in our dialysis patients might cause to obtain these results.

�?°n our study, platelet counts of the dialysis and control groups were determined in the normal value range although; platelet counts of patients with peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis were higher than the control group, compared to the groups. Platelets play a role in the thrombogenesis and they can cause to the development of atherogenesis and the progression of atheroscklerotic lesions. Platelets contribute to the structure of atheroma formation and trombosis in many vascular diseases such as peripheral, coronary, cerebrovascular. We thought that the increase of platelet count of dialysis patients might associated with a higher risk of atheroscklerosis; when compared with the control group [19,20]. Mean platelet volum levels associated with the average size of platelets and increase of production of platelets. Therefore; positive correlation might be determined to the between count of platelets with MPV, in our study. On the other hand; the relationship between was not found to MPV with platelet counts, in our dialysis patients. This state can be explained by the existence of various parameters effects such as anticoagulan treatment used, increase of bleeding risk and a consequence of the blood-membrane contact, the number of platelets of dialysis patients.

Limitations

MPV as a marker of prognosis and predictive are uncertainty as to whether the relationship between platelet size and cardiovascular risk factors is continuous or categorical. The clinical using of MPV value in determining dialysis patients’s cardiovascular risk factors [22]. Additionally; the MPV cut-off point is not known for predicting cardiovascular disease risk used; in clinical practice.

The timing and methods of blood sample preparation are an important factor for the measurement of MPV. �?°n this study; EDTA or citrate were used as an anticoagulant for blood sample preperation [23,24]. �?°t is known that citrate can cause lower mean MPV values and EDTA can lead platelet sweelling ,as an anticoagulant used. The variability in the timining and methods, as an anticoagulants EDTA or citrate used can be effected on obtained results.

We believed that preperation of blood sample and the relationship between is not know MPV cut-off point with cardiovaskuler disease risk factors, altered our results. We thought that this condition can limitated to the results of our study.

Summary and Conclusion

we thought that increase of MPV levels could associated with the increase of atheroscklerosis and trombosis risk . Also; elevated MPV may associated with loss of renal function and etiology and pathology of chronic renal diseases; especially given regulary treatment and followed- up , in dialysis patients. �?°n our study was shown to be elevated MPV levels; in dialysis patients and this condition can be explained by the precense of inflammation. However; the relationship between was not demonstrated MPV levels with some metabolic parameters because; these metabolic parameters which can cause to development of inflammation such as; the existence of insülin resistance, elevetad C-peptid levels, dyslipidemia, elevetad blood glucose levels etc were controlled; in our patient groups.

The development of chronic renal diseases and then progress to end-stage renal diseases are multifactoriel. We think that this condition can effect on the acquisition of the different results association with MPV measurements. However; ratio of loss of renal functions, etiology of renal diseases and metabolic disorders may effect on measurement of MPV. We think that future studies need to show a clinical important of MPV.

References