Journal of Fisheries & Livestock Production
Open Access

Ocean acidification; Coral reef fisheries; Coral reef degradation; CO₂ emissions; Seawater pH; Carbonate ion reduction; Coral calcification; Marine ecosystems; Reef fish populations

Introduction

Ocean acidification, a direct consequence of increased carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions, is profoundly altering the chemical composition of the world's oceans [1]. As CO₂ is absorbed by seawater, it lowers the ocean’s pH and reduces carbonate ion availability key components required for the calcification process in corals. This phenomenon threatens the structural integrity of coral reefs, which are essential habitats for a wide variety of marine species [2]. Coral reef fisheries, in particular, are highly vulnerable to these changes. Declining coral health can lead to the loss of biodiversity, disruptions in fish spawning and feeding grounds, and overall reductions in fishery yields [3]. These impacts not only affect marine ecosystems but also endanger the livelihoods and food security of millions of people in coastal regions who depend on reef-based fisheries [4]. Understanding the complex interactions between ocean acidification and coral reef fisheries is crucial for developing resilient management strategies and mitigating long-term socio-ecological consequences [5].

Discussion

Ocean acidification is increasingly recognized as one of the most pressing threats to coral reef ecosystems and the fisheries that depend on them. As atmospheric CO₂ levels rise, the ocean absorbs a significant portion of this gas, resulting in chemical reactions that lower seawater pH and reduce the concentration of carbonate ions [6]. These ions are essential for the formation of calcium carbonate structures, which are the foundational building blocks of coral skeletons. Consequently, weakened coral frameworks compromise reef integrity, diminishing the habitat complexity that supports diverse fish populations. The degradation of coral reef structures due to acidification leads to cascading ecological effects [7]. Many reef-associated fish species rely on corals for shelter, spawning grounds, and feeding habitats. As corals deteriorate, fish populations may decline in both abundance and diversity, especially those species that are highly specialized or have narrow habitat requirements. This shift not only disrupts the ecological balance of reef ecosystems but also affects the productivity of reef fisheries [8].

From a socioeconomic perspective, ocean acidification poses serious challenges. Coastal communities that depend on coral reef fisheries for food and income face growing uncertainty. Small-scale fishers, in particular, are at risk, as their livelihoods are directly tied to local reef conditions and they often lack the resources to adapt to environmental change. Moreover, the decline in fishery productivity can have ripple effects across supply chains, tourism, and national economies, especially in developing island nations. In addition to direct biological impacts, ocean acidification may also interact synergistically with other stressors such as ocean warming, overfishing, and pollution, amplifying the degradation of reef ecosystems [9].

To mitigate these risks, a combination of local and global strategies is essential. At the international level, reducing CO₂ emissions remains the most effective long-term solution to ocean acidification. Locally, efforts can focus on enhancing the resilience of coral reefs through marine protected areas, habitat restoration, and sustainable fishery practices. Investing in research, monitoring, and community education can also support adaptive responses and promote the sustainable use of reef resources. In conclusion, addressing the implications of ocean acidification on coral reef fisheries requires coordinated, science-based action that spans ecological, economic, and social dimensions. Only through proactive management and global climate action can the integrity of coral reef ecosystems and the fisheries they support be preserved for future generations [10].

Conclusion

Ocean acidification presents a significant and escalating threat to coral reef ecosystems and the fisheries that depend on them. As acidification undermines coral health and structural complexity, it disrupts the delicate balance of reef-associated marine life, leading to reduced fish abundance, biodiversity loss, and declining fishery productivity. These ecological impacts have direct consequences for the millions of people who rely on coral reef fisheries for food security, income, and cultural identity. Addressing this challenge requires a multifaceted approach—reducing global CO₂ emissions, strengthening local reef resilience through sustainable management, and supporting adaptive strategies for vulnerable communities. By recognizing the interdependence between ocean health and human well-being, we can work toward safeguarding coral reef fisheries in an acidifying ocean and ensure their viability for future generations.

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