Abstract

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a prevalent and debilitating ocular condition that disproportionately affects the elderly population. This comprehensive review delves into the intricate interplay between optometric interventions and lifestyle factors in managing and preventing the progression of AMD. The multifaceted nature of AMD necessitates a nuanced examination of both clinical approaches and modifiable lifestyle components that can significantly impact disease outcomes. Optometric interventions, including early detection through advanced imaging techniques, precise diagnostic tools, and personalized treatment plans, play a pivotal role in mitigating the impact of AMD. This review explores the latest advancements in optometric technologies and therapeutic strategies, shedding light on their effectiveness in different stages of AMD. From pharmacological interventions to emerging treatments, the paper provides a detailed analysis of the current landscape of optometric care for AMD. In parallel, lifestyle factors emerge as crucial determinants in the onset and progression of AMD. This review synthesizes existing research on the role of nutrition, physical activity, and other modifiable behaviors in influencing the development and course of AMD. The intricate relationship between oxidative stress, inflammation, and dietary choices is scrutinized, offering insights into potential preventive measures and complementary approaches to optometric interventions. Furthermore, the review delves into the impact of environmental factors, such as sunlight exposure and smoking, on AMD risk. A nuanced exploration of gene-environment interactions provides a comprehensive understanding of the complex etiology of AMD, guiding both optometrists and patients toward informed decision-making regarding lifestyle modifications.

Keywords: Age-related macular degeneration; AMD; Optometric interventions; Lifestyle factors; Ocular health; Advanced imaging; Diagnostic tools; Treatment strategies; Pharmacological interventions; Emerging therapies; Nutrition; Physical activity; Oxidative stress; Inflammation; Environmental factors; Gene-environment interactions; Preventive measures; Vision care