Abstract

Aging research has identified 12 core hallmarks, encompassing altered intercellular communication, inflammation, and dysfunctional macroautophagy. Key mechanisms contributing to aging include mitochondrial dysfunction, genomic instability, and telomere shortening. Strategies like senolytics target senescent cells, while modulating autophagy and proteostasis addresses cellular debris and protein quality. Epigenetic clocks and nutrient-sensing pathways provide insights into biological age and metabolic regulation, respectively. This collective understanding guides therapeutic interventions aimed at extending healthspan by targeting fundamental drivers of age-related diseases.