Abstract

Plant breeding has played a crucial role in agricultural advancement, enabling the development of high-yielding, diseaseresistant, and climate-adapted crop varieties to sustain global food security. Traditionally, breeding strategies have focused on phenotypebased selection, hybridization, and mutation induction. However, with the advent of cytogenetics, understanding chromosomal dynamics has become a cornerstone of modern plant breeding. Chromosomal behavior, including karyotypic variations, recombination events, and polyploidization, directly influences the genetic architecture of plant species, impacting their adaptability, productivity, and resilience.