Abstract

Biodegradation, a process in which microorganisms degrade organic pollutants into simpler, less harmful substances, plays a critical role in environmental pollution control. This review focuses on the metabolic pathways employed by microorganisms during biodegradation and their environmental significance. Microbial communities, including bacteria, fungi, and archaea, exhibit remarkable diversity and adaptability in breaking down a wide range of contaminants such as hydrocarbons, plastics, and pesticides. Recent advancements in molecular biology have shed light on the enzymes and genes involved in these processes, paving the way for biotechnological applications in bioremediation. Understanding the interplay between microbial metabolism and environmental factors is essential for optimizing biodegradation efficiency. This review highlights key biodegradation pathways, their ecological impact, and future directions for enhancing bioremediation strategies.