Abstract

Pediatric oncology has witnessed significant advancements in recent years, with emerging biomarkers playing a crucial role in early detection, risk stratification, and treatment response monitoring. Biomarkers, including genetic, epigenetic, proteomic, and metabolomic markers, have transformed the landscape of pediatric cancer diagnostics and therapeutics. Advances in liquid biopsy, circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), and novel immunological markers have further enhanced precision medicine approaches, enabling personalized treatment strategies. This review explores the latest developments in pediatric oncology biomarkers, highlighting their clinical applications, challenges, and future prospects in improving patient outcomes.