Abstract

Microplastics, small plastic particles measuring less than 5mm, have emerged as a global environmental concern due to their persistence in ecosystems and potential adverse effects on wildlife and human health. This review investigates the current advances in understanding the biodegradation mechanisms of microplastics, focusing on the microbial, enzymatic, and chemical processes that facilitate their breakdown. It examines the factors influencing biodegradation, including environmental conditions, plastic type, and microbial diversity. Furthermore, the environmental impacts of microplastic degradation, such as the release of toxic substances and the disruption of ecological systems, are discussed. Future perspectives on bioremediation strategies, including the role of engineered microbes and innovative materials, are also explored.