Abstract

The monoelectronic oxidation of a wide range of substrates, such as ortho- and para-diphenols, polyphenols, aminophenols, and aromatic or aliphatic amines, is catalysed by laccases, blue multicopper oxidases, along with a complete, four-electron reduction of O2 to H2O. As a result, they can break down lignin and are widely distributed in various white-rot fungi. In the process of treating wastewater, laccases decolorize and detoxify industrial effluents. They can be utilised successfully in the paper and pulp industries, textile industries, xenobiotic degradation, bioremediation, and operate as biosensors. They act on both phenolic and nonphenolic lignin-related chemicals as well as very recalcitrant environmental contaminants. The scientific field of nanobiotechnology, which is expanding, has recently benefited from the use of laccase, which can catalyse electron transfer reactions without the need for additional cofactors. In order to immobilise biomolecules while preserving their enzymatic function, a number of approaches have been devised, including layer-by-layer, self-assembled monolayer, and micropatterning. In this paper, we discuss laccases' fungus of origin and how they can be used to safeguard the environment. Due to an increase in geologic and anthropogenic activities, heavy metal-polluted soils are now widespread throughout the world. These soils result in decreased plant performance, yield, and growth. Treatment of heavy metal-polluted soils via bioremediation is effective. It is a well known technique that is largely performed in situ, making it appropriate for the establishment or reestablishment of crops on treated soils. Different processes are used by microorganisms and plants for the bioremediation of contaminated soils. In the bioremediation of heavy metal-contaminated soils, using plants to treat polluted soils is a more popular method. A method of bioremediation that guarantees a more effective cleanup of soils contaminated with heavy metals combines both microorganisms and plants.