Abstract

The unprecedented growth of industrialization and urbanization over the past century has led to a substantial increase in anthropogenic pollution, particularly in aquatic ecosystems. This article provides a comprehensive review of the ecological and toxicological impacts of various pollutants on aquatic environments. Through an extensive analysis of existing literature, we explore the far-reaching consequences of human activities on the delicate balance of aquatic ecosystems, emphasizing the effects on organisms, communities, and overall ecosystem health. Aquatic ecosystems, encompassing rivers, lakes, seas, and oceans, are fundamental components of our planet's biosphere. Unfortunately, these ecosystems have become hotspots for pollution due to the discharge of industrial effluents, agricultural runoff, and improper waste disposal. As pollutants enter aquatic environments, they interact with living organisms, disrupting critical ecological processes and causing long-term damage. In this article, we aim to shed light on the intricate relationships between pollution and ecological health in aquatic ecosystems.