Abstract

Biofilms are complex microbial communities embedded in an extracellular matrix, which exhibit unique physical and biochemical properties compared to planktonic microorganisms. One such distinctive characteristic is their electrical conductivity, which is of significant interest in both environmental and industrial applications. This review explores the mechanisms underlying biofilm conductivity, including the role of extracellular electron transfer, ion transport, and metabolic processes. We highlight the factors influencing conductivity in biofilms, such as microbial species composition, growth conditions, and environmental factors. Furthermore, the implications of biofilm conductivity in diverse fields, such as wastewater treatment, bioelectrochemical systems, and corrosion, are discussed. Finally, potential future applications, challenges, and opportunities in utilizing biofilm conductivity for sustainable technologies are considered.