Abstract

This review synthesizes current understanding of chronic musculoskeletal and neuropathic pain, encompassing pharmacological, non-pharmacological, and interventional treatments. It highlights central sensitization, fibromyalgia’s neuropathic features, and emerging biomarkers, along with pharmacogenomics for personalized medicine. Psychological therapies and the gut-brain axis are also explored as crucial elements. The data underscores the complexity of chronic pain and the necessity of integrated, individualized strategies to improve patient outcomes, while identifying areas requiring further rigorous research.