Abstract

The conservation of endangered plant species has emerged as a critical global priority due to the alarming rate at which biodiversity is being lost. Factors such as habitat destruction caused by urbanization, deforestation, and agricultural expansion, coupled with the unpredictable impacts of climate change and the relentless exploitation of plant resources for commercial, medicinal, or ornamental purposes, have significantly reduced natural populations of many plant species. These pressures not only threaten the survival of individual species but also jeopardize the stability of entire ecosystems that rely on plant diversity. Traditional propagation methods, such as seed sowing or vegetative cuttings, often fall short in addressing these challenges, particularly for species with poor seed viability, slow growth rates, or a limited number of remaining individuals.