Abstract

Space propulsion research is rapidly advancing, focusing on efficiency, speed, and sustainability for diverse missions. Innovations span high-power electric and plasma systems like Hall thrusters and VASIMR, along with advanced concepts such as Nuclear Thermal Propulsion for Mars transit. Theoretical approaches, including photonic and antimatter propulsion, are explored for interstellar travel. Developments also include green propellants for reduced environmental impact, hybrid rockets for versatility, and miniaturized electric thrusters for small satellites. This collective effort aims to expand humanity’s reach and capabilities in space exploration, offering solutions from deep-space journeys to precise orbital maneuvers for various spacecraft.