Abstract

Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) accounts for the majority of bladder cancer cases and is characterized by a high recurrence rate, necessitating rigorous treatment and surveillance strategies. Optimal management involves transurethral resection of the bladder tumor (TURBT), often followed by intravesical therapy with Bacillus Calmette- Guérin (BCG) or chemotherapy to reduce recurrence and progression risks. Risk stratification plays a crucial role in guiding treatment decisions, balancing efficacy with minimizing adverse effects. Surveillance strategies, including cystoscopy and urinary biomarkers, are essential for early recurrence detection. Despite advancements, challenges such as BCG shortages, treatment resistance, and patient compliance remain. This review explores current therapeutic approaches, surveillance methodologies, and emerging strategies to enhance NMIBC management.