Abstract

Palynology, the study of pollen grains and spores, collectively known as palynomorphs, has emerged as a powerful and versatile tool in various scientific disciplines, particularly in plant systematics and evolutionary biology. The unique morphological characteristics of pollen grains, including their size, shape, aperture type and number, exine ornamentation, and ultrastructure, provide a wealth of taxonomic information that can be invaluable for understanding phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary trends among plant groups. Due to their microscopic size, abundance in sedimentary records, and the remarkable resistance of their outer wall (exine) to degradation, pollen grains offer a unique window into the past and present diversity of plant life. The comparative analysis of pollen morphology across different plant.