Abstract

Pediatric endocrinology encompasses the diagnosis and management of endocrine disorders that affect growth, development, and metabolism in children and adolescents. Hormonal imbalances can result in a variety of clinical manifestations including growth failure, early or delayed puberty, diabetes, obesity, and thyroid dysfunction. This article provides an overview of the most prevalent pediatric endocrine disorders, current diagnostic modalities, treatment strategies, and challenges in long-term management. Special focus is placed on type 1 diabetes mellitus, growth hormone deficiency, congenital hypothyroidism, and disorders of puberty. Advances in molecular genetics and personalized therapy are also discussed.