Abstract

The rise of urban populations has driven the need for smarter, more efficient cities. Smart cities use Internet of Things (IoT) technologies to optimize urban infrastructure, improve governance, and enhance the quality of life for residents. This article explores how IoT-enabled systems are transforming transportation, energy management, waste disposal, and public safety in urban environments. It also addresses challenges such as data privacy, interoperability, and infrastructure investment. The paper concludes by examining how smart city initiatives can contribute to sustainable urban development and inclusive governance in the digital age.