ISSN: 2161-0460

Journal of Alzheimers Disease & Parkinsonism
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  • Research Article   
  • J Alzheimers Dis Parkinsonism 2019, Vol 9(2): 464
  • DOI: 10.4172/2161-0460.1000464

Synergistic Effects of Alzheimer’s Disease and Parkinsonism on Olfactory Impairment

Sasaki S1,2*
1Department of Neurology, Agano City Hospital, Niigata, Japan
2Department of Neurology, Toyosaka Hospital, Niigata, Japan
*Corresponding Author : Sasaki S, Department of Neurology, Agano City Hospital, 13-23 Okayama-cho, Agano-shi, Niigata 959-2093, Japan, Tel: +81- 250-62-2780, Fax: +81-250-62-1598, Email: sasaki.shoichi@taupe.plala.or.jp

Received Date: Mar 19, 2019 / Accepted Date: Apr 02, 2019 / Published Date: Apr 09, 2019

Abstract

Background: Olfactory dysfunction is frequent in both Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease.
Objective: To examine whether the coexistence of parkinsonism in patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) or mild AD synergistically affects olfactory impairment.
Methods: Olfaction was evaluated in three patient groups and age-matched controls. The patient groups consisted of amnestic MCI (Mini–Mental State Examination (MMSE) ≥ 24) or mild AD (MMSE 20-23) without parkinsonism (n: 64), parkinsonism free of cognitive impairment (n: 62), and MCI or mild AD with parkinsonism (n: 70). The odor-stick identification test for Japanese (OSIT-J) was used to count the numbers of correct answers, responses of indistinguishable, and responses of odorless (anosmia). Cognitive function was evaluated by MMSE, Clinical Dementia Rating Scale, NIA–AA criteria, MRI, and 123I-IMP SPECT. Parkinsonism was diagnosed using the Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS)-III and 123I-FP-CIT dopamine transporter SPECT.
Results: MCI or mild AD with parkinsonism group had a significantly lower percentage of correct answers than did MCI or mild AD without parkinsonism group (p: 0.0045) or parkinsonism group (p: 0.0015). The frequency of anosmia was significantly higher in MCI or mild AD with parkinsonism group than that in parkinsonism group (p: 0.0039). There were no significant differences in the number of responses of indistinguishable among the three patient groups (p>0.05). All the olfactory categories on the OSIT-J in the three patient groups showed significantly worse scores than did the age-matched controls (p<0.01).
Conclusion: The coexistence of parkinsonism in MCI or mild AD may synergistically exacerbate olfactory impairment.

Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease; Coexistence; Mild cognitive impairment; Olfaction; Olfactory impairment; Parkinson’s disease; Parkinsonism; Synergistic effect

Citation: Sasaki S (2019) Synergistic Effects of Alzheimer’s Disease and Parkinsonism on Olfactory Impairment. J Alzheimers Dis Parkinsonism 9: 464. Doi: 10.4172/2161-0460.1000464

Copyright: © 2019 Sasaki S. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

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