Abstract

Synthetic biology is rapidly advancing, applying engineering principles to biological systems for diverse applications. This includes optimizing biomanufacturing processes, developing sensitive biosensors for diagnostics and environmental monitoring, and revolutionizing metabolic engineering for chemical production. The field also focuses on engineering complex gene circuits, enabling cell-based therapies, and integrating directed evolution for protein optimization. Advances in genome-scale engineering, plant synthetic biology, and bacterial phenotype manipulation highlight its broad impact. Emerging cell-free systems further enhance rapid prototyping and biosensing, collectively demonstrating synthetic biology’s potential to reprogram cellular functions and create novel organisms for a sustainable future.