Abstract

The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a critical ecosystem influencing cancer progression and therapeutic response. This complex milieu involves various elements such as immune cell trafficking, metabolic reprogramming, angiogenesis, and hypoxia. It also encompasses novel communication mechanisms like exosomes and physical forces sensed through mechanotransduction. Understanding these intricate TME components and their dynamics is paramount for overcoming treatment resistance and enhancing drug delivery. By comprehensively dissecting these factors, we can identify innovative targets and strategies to improve the efficacy of current immunotherapies and develop novel, more effective cancer treatments.