Abstract

Dry eye syndrome (DES) is a prevalent ocular condition characterized by inadequate tear production or excessive tear evaporation, leading to ocular discomfort and visual disturbances. Immune-related dry eye syndrome (I-DES) is a subtype of DES in which inflammation plays a pivotal role in its pathogenesis. This abstract aims to provide a concise overview of the current understanding of the involvement of inflammation in I-DES.

The immune system plays a critical role in maintaining ocular surface homeostasis and protecting the eye from pathogens. However, in I-DES, an abnormal immune response leads to chronic inflammation, causing damage to the lacrimal glands and ocular surface epithelium. Multiple factors contribute to the initiation and perpetuation of the inflammatory cascade, including environmental triggers, genetic predisposition, and alterations in the microbiome.

Inflammation in I-DES is characterized by the activation of innate and adaptive immune cells, including dendritic cells, T cells, and B cells. Cytokines, chemokines, and inflammatory mediators are released, creating a proinflammatory microenvironment. The disrupted balance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory factors further exacerbates the condition, leading to a vicious cycle of immune dysregulation.

Studies have identified several key inflammatory pathways involved in I-DES, such as the NF-κB pathway and the Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) pathway. Targeting these pathways has shown promising results in preclinical models, and various immunomodulatory therapies are being investigated for their potential to treat I-DES effectively.

In conclusion, inflammation plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of immune-related dry eye syndrome. Understanding the complex interplay between the immune system and ocular surface is vital for the development of targeted therapies that can alleviate symptoms, improve tear production, and restore ocular surface homeostasis in patients suffering from I-DES. Further research and clinical trials are necessary to fully unravel the mechanisms underlying inflammation in I-DES and develop more effective and personalized treatment strategies.