Abstract

Tooth abnormalities encompass a wide range of developmental and acquired conditions that affect the form, structure, number, and eruption pattern of teeth. These abnormalities can result from genetic mutations, environmental insults, systemic diseases, nutritional deficiencies, trauma, or a combination of these factors. Common forms of tooth abnormalities include anomalies in number (such as anodontia, hyperdontia), size (microdontia, macrodontia), shape (gemination, fusion, dens invaginatus), and structure (amelogenesis imperfecta, dentinogenesis imperfecta, enamel hypoplasia). These conditions not only compromise dental aesthetics and function but also have significant implications for oral health, psychological well-being, and quality of life. Early diagnosis and intervention play a crucial role in mitigating the effects of these anomalies. Advances in diagnostic imaging, molecular genetics, and restorative dentistry have improved the accuracy of diagnosis and the effectiveness of management strategies. Treatment options range from preventive care and restorative procedures to orthodontic and surgical interventions, depending on the severity and type of abnormality. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of tooth abnormalities, focusing on their etiology, classification, clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, and evidencebased treatment protocols, thereby contributing to better clinical outcomes and improved patient care.