Abstract

Dental diseases are among the most prevalent chronic conditions affecting individuals of all ages across the globe. They encompass a wide spectrum of oral health issues, including dental caries (tooth decay), periodontal (gum) disease, oral cancers, and other infections of the mouth and jaw. These conditions not only impact oral health and aesthetics but are also closely linked to systemic diseases such as cardiovascular conditions, diabetes, and respiratory infections. The burden of dental diseases is disproportionately higher in low- and middle-income populations due to limited access to preventive care and oral health education. Dental diseases encompass a wide range of oral health conditions that affect the teeth, gums, and supporting structures of the mouth. These diseases, including dental caries, periodontal diseases, and oral infections, are among the most common non-communicable diseases worldwide, affecting individuals across all age groups. The etiology of dental diseases is multifactorial, involving microbial biofilms (plaque), dietary habits, oral hygiene practices, genetic predispositions, and systemic health conditions. Dental caries results from the demineralization of tooth enamel due to acid production by bacteria, while periodontal diseases involve inflammation and infection of the gums and bone supporting the teeth. Early signs often go unnoticed, making routine dental check-ups critical for timely diagnosis and management. Preventive strategies, including good oral hygiene, balanced nutrition, fluoride use, and public health interventions, play a pivotal role in reducing the global burden of these conditions. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the causes, symptoms, and prevention methods associated with dental diseases, emphasizing the importance of early intervention and public awareness. A detailed discussion on modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors such as dietary habits, oral hygiene practices, tobacco use, genetic predispositions, and socio-economic status is presented. The symptomatology of common dental ailments is outlined to enhance early recognition and timely intervention. In addition, evidence-based strategies for the prevention of dental diseases are analyzed, including proper oral hygiene routines, the use of fluoride, regular dental check-ups, community water fluoridation, dietary control, and public health interventions. Understanding the multifactorial etiology of dental diseases is crucial for developing effective personal, clinical, and public health approaches to oral health. By fostering awareness and preventive practices, it is possible to reduce the incidence and severity of dental conditions and improve overall.