Abstract

Depression remains a complex and pervasive mental health disorder affecting millions worldwide. This abstract delves into the neurobiological underpinnings of depression and explores contemporary treatment approaches. Neurobiological research has elucidated the involvement of various brain regions, neurotransmitter systems, and neuroendocrine pathways in depression pathogenesis. Dysregulation within the limbic system, particularly the amygdala and prefrontal cortex, along with alterations in serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine signaling, are prominent features. Additionally, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis dysregulation contributes to the stress response abnormalities observed in depression.