Abstract

Abiotic factors are critical ecological issues that limit the development of plants, efficiency, and lifespan and endanger the world’s supply of nutrition. Plants synthesize osmolytes, suitable solutes that help them adjust to their continually shifting environment. Osmolytes support the upholding of homeostasis, offer the change in gradient that drives water regulation, retain cell rigidity by means of osmotic adjustment and redox metabolic processes to reduce unnecessary levels of reactive oxygen species, also known as ROS, and restore the cellular redox balance, as well as guard against stress caused by osmotic pressure and damage from oxidative stress to the cells and their machinery. For crop improvement projects to produce stress-tolerant cultivars, it is critical to understand the mechanisms by which plants receive environmental signals and send them to cellular machinery to trigger adaptive responses. Osmolytes build up in plants and have been strongly linked to abiotic stress tolerance, according to a significant number of researches undertaken in the previous few decades. Tolerance in many plant species depends on the production of large amounts of osmolytes. Furthermore, transgenic plants that overexpressed genes for several osmolytes demonstrated improved resistance to a range of abiotic stressors. Particularly in regards to the significance and relative contribution of particular osmolytes to the stress tolerance of a given species, many significant aspects of their mechanisms of action remain to be largely established. Therefore, more time and money should be devoted to researching how plants respond to abiotic stress in their natural environments. The current review focuses on the potential functions and mechanisms of osmolytes and how they relate to plants’ ability to withstand abiotic stress. The information in this review will aid readers in learning more about osmolytes and how they respond to changing environmental conditions, as well as in developing an understanding of how this knowledge may be used to help plants adapt to stress.