Abstract

Proteomics, the large-scale study of proteins and their functions, is pivotal in uncovering disease mechanisms by identifying biomarkers and therapeutic targets. This article explores how advanced analytical methods—such as mass spectrometry (MS), two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2D-GE), and liquid chromatography (LC)—decode the intricate proteome, revealing molecular signatures of diseases like cancer, Alzheimer’s, and diabetes. These techniques offer high sensitivity and resolution, tackling the proteome’s complexity, including post-translational modifications (PTMs) and protein interactions. Recent findings demonstrate their success in pinpointing diagnostic markers and druggable pathways, advancing precision medicine. Challenges such as sample variability and data integration persist, yet proteomics holds immense promise for transforming healthcare through targeted interventions.