Dersleri yüzünden oldukça stresli bir ruh haline sikiş hikayeleri bürünüp özel matematik dersinden önce rahatlayabilmek için amatör pornolar kendisini yatak odasına kapatan genç adam telefonundan porno resimleri açtığı porno filmini keyifle seyir ederek yatağını mobil porno okşar ruh dinlendirici olduğunu iddia ettikleri özel sex resim bir masaj salonunda çalışan genç masör hem sağlık hem de huzur sikiş için gelip masaj yaptıracak olan kadını gördüğünde porn nutku tutulur tüm gün boyu seksi lezbiyenleri sikiş dikizleyerek onları en savunmasız anlarında fotoğraflayan azılı erkek lavaboya geçerek fotoğraflara bakıp koca yarağını keyifle okşamaya başlar

GET THE APP

Journal of Earth Science & Climatic Change - Composition, Population Structure and Regeneration of Rhododendron arboreum Sm. Temperate Broad-Leaved Evergreen Forest in Garhwal Himalaya, Uttarakhand, India
ISSN: 2157-7617

Journal of Earth Science & Climatic Change
Open Access

Like us on:

Our Group organises 3000+ Global Conferenceseries Events every year across USA, Europe & Asia with support from 1000 more scientific Societies and Publishes 700+ Open Access Journals which contains over 50000 eminent personalities, reputed scientists as editorial board members.

Open Access Journals gaining more Readers and Citations
700 Journals and 15,000,000 Readers Each Journal is getting 25,000+ Readers

This Readership is 10 times more when compared to other Subscription Journals (Source: Google Analytics)

Composition, Population Structure and Regeneration of Rhododendron arboreum Sm. Temperate Broad-Leaved Evergreen Forest in Garhwal Himalaya, Uttarakhand, India

Dhanpal Singh Chauhan*, Pankaj Lal and Dinesh Singh
Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, HNB Garhwal University, India
*Corresponding Author: Dhanpal Singh Chauhan, Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, HNB Garhwal University, India, Tel: 9837269371, Email: dschauhan2008@gmail.com, dsc_oci@rediffmail.com

Received: 31-Oct-2017 / Accepted Date: 05-Dec-2017 / Published Date: 11-Dec-2017 DOI: 10.4172/2157-7617.1000430

Abstract

The present studied was carried out in four districts of Garhwal Himalaya. Survey and sampling of vegetation were completed used standard ecological method with aim to study of plant composition, population structure and regeneration at different site in the four districts viz. Pauri, Rudrapryag, Tehri and Chamoli of Garhwal Himalaya. Each district represents two sites, falls an altitude in Pauri (1850-2070 m), Rudrapryag (1775-2147 m), Tehri (1938–2459 m) and Chamoli (1711–1960 m). Among the altitudes over all range is (1711-2459 m) altitudes in all eight sites, total 16 tree species has been recorded. Total tree density varies from 670-1510 Ind ha-1, total seedling density from 220-1540 Ind ha-1 and total sapling density 165-1300 Ind ha-1 was recorded in all sites among the attitudes. Species diversity (H-) was observed between 0.12-0.19 for trees, 0.04-0.40 for seedling and 0.07-0.15 for sapling in all sites among the attitudes.

Keywords: Community; Population; Regeneration; Rhododendron arboreum

Introduction

The composition of the species like trees, shrubs, herbs and climbers are indicating present status of the forest biodiversity. Composition of the forest is diverse and different from place to place because of different land form of the sector have different climate, soil and topography and supports tropical, sub-tropical, temperate and alpine and in certain areas even arid or semi-arid vegetation. Any species regenerate in any area or habitat plant diversity and regeneration status of various forest communities is base line study for management and conservation plant diversity. The population structure like seedling, sapling and adult trees on the basis of age and diameter in any forest stand or patch and forest area to determine regeneration status of forest area [1-11]. If seedling and sapling number less are as compare to adult incase consider poor regeneration [12-16]. The regeneration study has most important study to indicate future of forest as well as implication for the natural forest management which will forest, or species survives and dominant in these areas [1]. The distribution pattern is most important of species in which form grown up species in the forest areas an understanding of the distribution of tree species, seedlings, saplings, shrubs and herbs and their assemblages must play an important role in elucidating the larger patterns of distribution of biodiversity in forest areas [17-20].

Rhododendron is a large genus with many of its 1000 species in the world and covered highland area like Nepal, India, China and Malasiya [21-26]. Recent study showed that 06 species of Rhododendron was reported in Uttrakhand, Western Himalaya such as R. arboreum, R. anthopogon [3], R. campanulatum [27], R. barbatum [8], R. lepidotum [5] and R. nivale Hooker [7] or R. rawatii is new species reported by Rai and Adhikari [18]. It is belong from Ericaceae family has many superior characteristics for its wide acceptance as fuel, timber, fodder and flower for preparation of very common and pleasant drink (highly medicinal) juice and squash throughout the Himalaya. Among these species, many are dominant tree/shrub species of Garhwal and Kumaun Himalaya [14]. The broad-leaved forests in the Himalaya Rhoodendron are considered to the next of Quercus , to provide the most effective for soil and water conservation. Owing to multifarious nature of this genus most of the species are over exploited for various purposes [21]. Among these species Rhododendron arboreum is one of the most exploited species. Major area under Rhododendron arboreum forest is surrounding by local inhabitants of hilly areas in Garhwal Himalaya, therefore, present status of population and regeneration of forest are not available. Keeping in view the afore mentioned facts, this paper deals to investigate the variation of community composition, tree diversity, population structure and regeneration in six Rhododendron arboreum forest stands of Garhwal Himalaya.

Methodology

Study area and sample plots

The study was conducted in Garhwal region (Western Himalaya) from 2014 to 2016 in potential site of three districts. After reconnaissance survey was carried out for initial few months, finally based on the presence of Rhododendron arboreum species eight sites were selected for detailed study. Systematic data collection was carried out in eight sites with different altitudes: Ghimtoli (1950–2147 m), Kharpatya (1775–1934 m) in Ruraprayag district; Khirsu (1850–1969 m), Pharakhal (1858–2070 m) in Pauri District; Ranichauri 1938–2023 m), Jadipani (2292–2459 m) in Tehri district and Nauti (1750–1900 m), Nadasain (1711–1960 m) in Chamoli district for phytosociological studies of Rhododendron arboreum forest and other associated species (Figure 1). Systematic sampling was carried out in selective patches in each site two sample plot 1000 m2 or 0.1ha size in each site were randomly identified, and ten 10 × 10 m or 0.01 ha size quadrats were placed random on each plot. 10% of the total area was selected for sampling and at least 0.1% of this was used for complete enumeration. Population structure of all the woody species occurring in each site was studied using quadrate method. Density, frequency and different life stages of the species were determined from the sampled area. Individual tree of Rhododendron arboreum within quadrate were marked with paint to determine the quadrate boundaries.

earth-science-climatic-change-Garhwal-Himalaya

Figure 1: Sampling locations and study area map of Garhwal Himalaya.

Tree species in each sample plot or quadrate were recorded and CBH (circumference at breast height, 1.37 m from the ground level) measured. Individuals were categorized as trees (>31 cm CBH), sapling (11-30 cm CBH) and seedlings (2 m for trees, 252 m for shrubs and 12 m for herb.

Ecological and regeneration study

Stratified sampling technique was conducted in natural growing areas and planted areas of Rhododendron arboreum forest. Study area was divided based on presence of the species. A standard size sample plot or quadrate (10 × 10=100 m2 for tree, 5 × 5=25 m2 for shrub, seedling and sapling and 1 × 1=1 m2 for herb) was used in each site for data collection.

Data analysis has been analyzed following standard ecological methods by Curtis and McIntosh, Grieg-Smith and Kersaw [9], Muller-Dombois and Ellenberge [4,6,13]. The following phytosociological parameters were studied using different formulae [12].

Species diversity H-was computed by the Shannon and Weiner [23] information index as follows:

Equation

(Where, Ni is the total density value for species i and N is the sum of the density values of all the)

Equation

Statistical analysis

Statistically have been applied one-way ANOVA and correlation by SPSS software.

Results

Physical characteristics of study sites

Physical characteristic of study sites was given in Table 1. There were total 08 sites reported inventory. These sites fall between 30°24’25” N and 30027’66” N latitude 79°18’66” E and 78°33’56” E longitude and covered altitudinal range between 1711 -2459 masl. Among the sites four sites represent each open/easy and open/moderate respectively equally access to resources.

Sites Altitudinal range (m) GPS Location Access to Resources Major associates species
Pharakhal (Pauri Garhwal) 1858-2070 30º14’55”-30º16’93” N
078º55’25”-078º57.85” E
Open/Easy Quercus leucotrichophora and Myrica esculenta
Khirsu (Pauri Garhwal) 1850-1969 30º10’036”-30º10’082” N
078º60’71”-078º59’16” E
Open/Moderate Quercus leucotrichophora and Myrica esculenta
Kharpatya (Rudrapryag) 1775-1934 30º28’08”-30º24.85” N
079º09’58”-079º12.88” E
Open/Easy Quercus leucotrichophora, Myrica esculenta, Lyonia ovalifolia
Ghimtoli (Rudrapryag) 1950-2147 30º24’25”-30º21’62” N
079º12.05”-079º11’68” E
Open/Easy Quercus leucotrichophora, Myrica esculenta, Lyonia ovalifolia
Jadipani (Tehri) 2292-2459 300 32’01”-300 27’66”N
0780 34’07”-078033’56”E
Open/Easy Quercus leucotrichophora, Quercus floribunda, Lyonia ovalifolia
Ranichauri (Tehri) 1938-2023 300 21’66”-300 20’85”N
0780 38’58”-078034’98”E
Open/Moderate Pinus roxburghi, Cedrus deodara,  Myrica esculenta, Pinus wallichiana
Nandasain (Chamoli) 1711-1960 300 19’88”-300 25’98”N
0790 25’85”-078026’03”E
Open/Moderate Quercus leucotrichophora, Lyonia ovalifolia, Myrica esculenta
Nauti
(Chamoli)
1750-1900 300 24’25”-300 25’11”N
0790 18’66”-079014’18”E
Open/Moderate Quercus leucotrichophora,  Myrica esculenta, Lyonia ovalifolia

Table 1: Physical characteristics of different forest sites.

Composition and population structure

A total of 16 species were recorded across the study sites. Total tree density maximum was recorded at Pharakhal (1510 Ind ha-1) followed by Kharpatya (1340 Ind ha-1) and Nauti (1060 Ind ha-1). Rhododendron arboreum showed maximum Density (930 Ind ha-1; Relative dominance 69.40 and IVI 185.10) at Kharpatya followed by Density (890 Ind ha-1; Relative dominance 60.00 and IVI 170.78) at Pharakhal. Density, Relative dominance and IVI was also recorded maximum (430 Ind ha-1; 27.74 and IVI 89.74) in Quercus leucotrichophora at Pharkhal followed by (280 Ind ha-1; 34.48 and IVI 97.48) at Nauti and Myrica esculenta was maximum Density (180 Ind ha-1); Relative dominance (24.13) and IVI (48.26) at Pharakhal and Nauti respectively followed by Nandasain Density (60 Ind ha-1); Relative dominance (8.00) and IVI (15.46) was given in Tables 2 -4.

Species Name Sites
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Quercus leucotrichophora 430 120 190 360 140 10 240 280
Rhododendron arboreum 830 650 930 620 500 470 470 580
Myrica esculenta 180 50 40 180   20 60 180
Lyonia ovalifolia 10 20 120 20 40 10 60 20
Cedrus deodara - - 10 - - 60    
Cocculus laurifolia - - 50 -        
Pinus wallichiana           20    
Pinus roxburghii           80    
Quercus floribunda         40      
Total 1510 840 1340 1180 720 670 830 1060
Abbreviations: 1: Pharakhal, 2: Khirsu, 3: Kharpatya, 4: Ghimtoli, 5: Jadipani, 6: Ranichauri, 7: Nandasain, 8: Nauti.

Table 2: Site wise total tree density (Ind. ha-1) in different forests.

Species Name Sites
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Quercus leucotrichophora 27.74 14.28 14.17 30.50 28.57 4.34 36 34.48
Rhododendron arboreum 60 77.38 69.40 52.54 47.61 43.47 40 34.48
Myrica esculenta 11.61 5.95 2.98 15.25   8.69 8 24.13
Lyonia ovalifolia 0.64 2.38 8.95 1.69 9.52 4.34 16 6.89
Cedrus deodara - - 0.74 - - 13.04 - -
Cocculus laurifolia - - 14.39 - - - - -
Pinus wallichiana           8.69    
Pinus roxburghii           17.39    
Quercus floribunda         14.28      
Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
Abbreviations: 1: Pharakhal, 2: Khirsu, 3: Kharpatya, 4: Ghimtoli, 5: Jadipani, 6: Ranichauri, 7: Nandasain, 8: Nauti.

Table 3: Site wise relative dominance in different forests.

Species Name Sites
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Quercus leucotrichophora 89.74 50.89 54.02 136.00 50.47 5.86 97.14 97.48
Rhododendron arboreum 168.80 220.50 185.10 118.20 214.13 208.32 163.47 145.45
Myrica esculenta 35.40 21.18 10.05 35.72 - 11.80 15.46 48.26
Lyonia ovalifolia 4.43 7.41 32.24 10.06 15.31 5.92 23.92 8.81
Cedrus deodara - - 4.20 - - 24.72 - -
Cocculus laurifolia - - 14.39 - -   - -
Pinus wallichiana         - 11.73 - -
Pinus roxburghii           31.63 - -
Quercus floribunda         20.07      
Total 299.96 299.98 300.00 299.98 300 300 300 300
Abbreviations: 1: Pharakhal, 2: Khirsu, 3: Kharpatya, 4: Ghimtoli, 5: Jadipani, 6: Ranichauri, 7: Nandasain, 8: Nauti.

Table 4: Site wise Importance Value Index (IVI) in different forests.

Statistically one-way ANOVA was applied on trees density, trees density across the sites were significant difference at P<0.05; P=0.001 and variance ratio was (F=0.974). Tree density of Rhododendron arboreum had positive relationship (r =0.897, P<0.01; P=0.002) with total forest tree density across the sites. Tree density increased significantly with total forest tree density across sites may be increased forest biomass.

Total Seedling density had been observed maximum Density (1540 Ind ha-1) at Khirsu followed by (1280 Ind ha-1) at Kharpatya and Density (1120 Ind ha-1) at Ghimtoli (Figure 2). Rhododendron arboreum was recorded maximum (Density 900 Ind ha-1) at Khirsu followed by Density (560 Ind ha-1) at Ghimtoli and Density (360 Ind ha-1) at Kharpatya. Seedling density had been recorded maximum at Density (430 Ind ha-1) at Ghimtoli, followed by Density (390 Ind ha-1) at Kharpatya and Density (290 Ind ha-1) at Khirsu for Quercus leucotrichophora. Lyonia ovalifolia saw maximum Density (280 Ind ha-1) at Kharpatya followed by (40 Ind ha-1) at Pharakhal and (30 Ind ha-1) at Ranichauri and Dewal. Total Sapling Density had seen highest (1300 Ind ha-1) at Ghimtoli followed by (1250 Ind ha-1) at Kharpatya and (1140 Ind ha-1) at Pharakhal. Rhododendron arboreum saw maximum Density (670 Ind ha-1) at Ghimtoli followed by (490 Ind ha-1) at Kharpatya and (480 Ind ha-1) at Pharakhal. Quercus leucotrichophora had been recorded highest Density (410 Ind ha-1) at Ghimtoli followed by (360 Ind ha-1) at Kharpatya and Myrica esculenta was maximum Density (260 Ind ha-1) at Kharpatya followed by (80 Ind ha-1) at Pharakhal and (60 Ind ha-1) at Ghimtoli was given in Figure 2.

earth-science-climatic-change-Seedling-Sapling

Figure 2: Seedling and Sapling density of different forest sites, QL=Quercus leucotrichophora, RA=Rhododendron arboreum, ME=Myrica esculenta, LO=Lyonia ovalifolia, CD=Cedrus deodara , CL=Cocculus laurifolia, PW=Pinus wallichinan, PR=Pinus roxburghii, QF=Quercus floribunda , CC=Cornus capitata , PC=Prunus cerasoides , PP=Pyrus pashia, CA=Celties australis , AP=Abies pindrow , MG=Mechilus gamblei , PW=Pinus wallichiana , PR=Pinus roxbrghii , QF=Quercus floribunda , TD=Total Density.

Rhododendron arboreum seedling and sapling density are positive relationship to total species seedling and sapling density. The seedling density was more or less same across the sites except to Kharpatya, Khirsu and Nauti. Whereas R. arboreum density comparativily less as compare to Quercus leucotrichophora. R. arboreum seedling density was increased significantly (r=0.912, P<0.01; P=0.002) with total seedling density across sites. Sapling density had showed similar pattern significantly (r=0.923, P<0.01; P=0.001) increased with total sapling density across the sites.

Species diversity (H-) in all study sites

Shannon diversity index (H index) was calculated in tree, sapling and seedling on site wise was given in Tables 5 and 6. Species diversity across the sites was calculated with different strata, tree species diversity ranged from 0.12-0.19, saplings species diversity from 0.07-0.15 and seedlings species diversity from 0.04-0.40 across sites. The diversity (H-index) of trees was calculated highest (0.19) at Khirsu followed by (0.16) at Jadipani and (0.15) at Ghimtoli site. The sapling diversity recorded maximum (0.15) at khirsu followed by (0.14) at Jadipani and (0.13) at Pharakhal. The diversity (H-index) of seedling have observed highest (0.40) at Ghimtoli followed by (0.24) at Kharpatya and (0.13) at Pharakhal.

  Sites Species diversity Shannon index (H-)
Trees Saplings Seedlings
Pharakhal 1510 1140 220
Khirsu 840 270 1540
Kharpatya 1340 1250 1280
Ghimtoli 1180 1300 1120
Jadipani (Tehri) 720 265 410
Ranichauri (Tehri) 670 165 587.5
Nandasain (Chamoli) 830 180 357.5
Dewal (Chamoli) 1060 90 277.5
Maximum 1510 1300 1540
Minimum 670 165 220

Table 5: Site wise saplings, seedlings, shrubs and herbs density in different study area.

  Sites Species diversity Shannon index (H-)
Trees Saplings Seedlings
Pharakhal 0.14 0.13 0.13
Khirsu 0.19 0.15 0.12
Kharpatya 0.12 0.09 0.24
Ghimtoli 0.15 0.11 0.40
Jadipani (Tehri) 0.16 0.14 0.09
Ranichauri (Tehri) 0.15 0.08 0.04
Nandasain (Chamoli) 0.12 0.08 0.06
Nauti (Chamoli) 0.12 0.07 0.07
Maximum 0.19 0.15 0.40
Minimum 0.12 0.07 0.04

Table 6: Site wise species diversity Shannon index (H1) of trees, saplings, seedlings, shrubs and herbs in different forest study area.

Tree density was positive relationship (r =0.874) with species diversity (H-) across the sites. Tree density increased significantly (P<0.01; P=0.001) with species diversity (H-) across sites. It indicates that species diversity was increased with tree density across sites.

Discussion

Present study was carried out on eight study sites in the Garhwal Himalaya Uttrakhand. Geographically these sites are located between 30° 10’ 36” to 30° 32’ 01” N latitude and 78° 26’ 03” to 79° 25’ 85” E longitude with varied altitudes from 1711 m asl in Nandasain and 2459 m asl in Jadipani (Table 1).

Composition and population structure

A total of 16 species were recorded across the study sites. Total tree density maximum (1510 N ha-1) was recorded at Pharakhal and minimum (670 N ha-1) at Ranichauri. Maximum density observed due to better association and combination of Rhododenron arboreum, Quercus leucotrichophora and Myrica esculenta etc., species saw at Pharakhal site but Ranichauri site Pinus roxburghii is co-dominant with association of Rhododenron arboreum species is not support to other species, therefore minimum density was recorded. Density of Rhododendron arboreum ranged between 670 N ha-1 (Ranichauri) to 930 N ha-1 (Pharakhal), Relative dominance ranged between 0.74 (Kharpatya) to 77.38 (Khirsu) and IVI ranged between 4.20 (Kharpatya) to 220.50 (Khirsu). Rhododendron arboreum, Quercus leocotrichophora and Myrica esculenta mixed forest was observed dominated species having good association of the species across sites. Similar study was conducted by Rawat and Chandhok [19] R. arboreum density (80 N ha-1) and IVI (29.99) was observed at Govind Pashu Vihar Wildlife Sanctuaries in Uttarakashi district [10]. R. arboreum density (1.23 N ha-1) and IVI (28.69) was observed at J&K, Western Himalaya.

Total seedling density (1549 N ha-1) was recorded across the sites and in which of Rhododendron arboreum was highest seedling density (900 N ha-1) at Khirsu as compared to other sites. Sapling density of Rhododendron arboreum had been recorded maximum (670 N ha-1) at Ghimtoli as compared to other site, it is due to maximum seed- bearing tree at this site, so which is encouraging the regeneration and produced more numbers of seedling and sapling. Rhododendron arboreum, Quercus leucotrichophora and Myrica esculenta species will replace the other existing pioneering species. It was observed that these species having good association at Khirsu and Ghimtoli sites. The present data supported by earlier study done by Pant and Samant [15] reported that R. arboreum seedling density and sapling density (430 N ha-1 and 260 N ha-1) respectively at North-West Himalaya.

Species diversity (H-)

Tree, sapling, seedling diversity (H-index) on site wise was given in Table 6. The diversity (H') value of trees was calculated highest (0.19) at Khirsu followed by (0.15) at Ghimtoli site, because species dominances are less as compared to other sites to indicate higher diversity in these sites. Higher diversity is also due to moderate resources availability at higher altitude and not to easy accessible areas and fewer disturbances in the sites tends to increase diversity [17,24]. Our observations are conformity with these results. The sapling diversity value was recorded maximum (0.15) at Khirsu and seedling diversity value was observed highest (0.40) at Ghimtoli as compared to other sites. It may be good site there is younger stand which is supported to seedling and sapling.

The observation clearly showed that low diversity sites were situated at lower altitudes and might be the result of high anthropogenic pressure at lower altitudes and most of the habitations in study sites are located near to lower altitudes and these altitudes are more approachable to collect daily needs [2].

Conclusion

The study provides compositional, population structural and regeneration status or phytosociology of Rhododendron arboreum at eight sites in four districts of Garhwal Himalaya. In all-natural forest stands the associated or companion of dominant species can also have played important role for the establishment and sustainability of particular species. The broad-leaved character of Quercus leucotrichophora major associates Rhododendron arboreum have been reported to capable conserve the water moisture at large amount in hill area and also beneficial in erosion control. The study concludes as these species may also be a part of research for their regeneration, establishment and sustenance at same preference of Quercus leucotrichophora. Rhododendron arboreum are extracted from edible product and small but considerable scale therefore may be investigated for their conservation point of view. The flower of Rhododendron arboreum is medicinally important at local and regional level peoples are extracted for making of Juice and Squesh from its flower to serve the upliftment of local economy and livelihood. Lower density, IVI value and regeneration areas indicate for their attention toward future research overcome the upcoming problems. Negligence of the species may be affect the future composition, diversity and regeneration of the existing oak forest mixed stand therefore conservation approach for Rhododendron arboreum must be needed as research front in the Gahwal Himalayan region.

Acknowledgment

The authors are thankful to Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education (ICFRE), Dehradun for providing financial assistance under the project entitled "Networking Project on NTFP in Uttarakhand".

References

  1. Sagar R, Rughuvanshi AS, Singh JS (2003) Tree species composition, dispersion and diversity along a disturbance gradient in a dry tropical forest region of India. Forest Ecology and Management 186: 61-71.
  2. Singh JS (2006) Sustainable development of the Indian Himalayan region linking ecological and economic concerns. Curr Sci 90: 784 788 .
  3. Lal P, Butola JS, Khaduri VP (2015) Community structure of Dandachali Forest of Tehri Forest Divison, North-West Himalaya. Journal of Plant Development Science 9: 933-939.
  4. Pokhriyal P, Uniyal P, Chauhan DS, Todaria NP (2010) Regeneration status of tree species in forest of Phakot and Pathri Rao watersheds in Garhwal Himalaya. Current Science 2: 171-175 .
  5. Bhuyan P, Khan ML Tripathi RS (2003) Tree diversity and population structure in undisturbed and human impacted stands of tropical wet evergreen forest in Arunachal Pradesh, Eastern Himalayas, India. BiodivConserv 1753–1773 .
  6. Reddy CS, Ugle P (2008) Tree species diversity and distribution patterns in tropical forest of Eastern Ghats, India. Life Science Journal 4: 87-93 .
  7. Singh KK, Rai LK, Gurung B (2009) Conservation of Rhododendrons in Sikkim Himalaya. World Journal of Agricultural Sciences 5: 284-296 .
  8. Chetna B, Badoni A (2009) Medicinal strength of alpine and sub-alpine zones of Western Himalaya India. New York Science Journal 2: 41-46 .
  9. Singh N, Attri (2014) Flowering phenology of tree Rhododendron arboreun along an elevation gradient in different site of Kumaun Himalaya. International journal of Science and Nature 3:  572-576 .
  10. Hussain MS, Sultana Khan JA, Khan A (2008) Species composition and community structure of forest stands in Kumaon Himalaya, Uttarakhand, India. Tropical Ecology 49: 167-181 .
  11. Gaur RD (2008) Traditional dye yielding plants of Uttrakhand, India. Natural Product Radiance 7: 154-165 .
  12. Hooker JD (1851) The Rhododendrons of Sikkim-Himalaya 3. Reeve, Benham and Reeves, London, 21–30 .
  13. Rai ID, Adhikari BS (2012) Rhododendron rawatii (Ericaceae), a new species from the Western Himalaya, India. Phytotaxa, 71: 10–16 .
  14. Osmaston AE (1927) A forest flora for Kumaun. Govt. Press, United Province, Allahabad .
  15. Saxena AK, Singh JS (1984) Tree population structure of certain Himalayan forest associations and implications concerning their future composition. Vegetatio 58: 61–69 .
  16. Kersaw KA (1973) Quantitative and dynamic plant ecology, Second edition, Edward Arnold Limited, London.
  17. McIntosh C (1950) The interrelation of certain analytic and phyto-sociological character ecology 31: 434-455 .
  18. Greig-Smith P (1957) Quantitative plant ecology, Academic Press, New York, USA .
  19. Mueller-Dombois D, Ellenberge H (1974) Aims and methods of vegetation ecology. John Willey and Sons, New York, USA .
  20. Mishra R (1968) Ecology Work Book, Oxford and IBH publishing co, New Delhi 244.
  21. Shannon CE, Wiener W (1963) The Mathematical Theory of Communication, University of Illinois Press, Urbana, USA .
  22. Rawat VS, Chandhok A (2009) Phytosociological Analysis and Distribution Patterns of Tree Species: A case study from GovindPashuVihar, National Park, Uttarakhand. New York Science Journal 2: 58-63 .
  23. Koul AR, Chauhan DS, Todaria NP (2015) Plant Diversity and Floristic Composition of Three Forest Types in Mata Vaishno Devi Forest of Jammu and Kashmir, Western Himalaya, India. Global Journal of Botanical Science 1: 7-16 .
  24. Pant S, Samant S (2012) Diversity and regeneration status of tree species in Khokhan Wildlife Sanctuary, north-western Himalaya. Tropical Ecology 53: 317-331 .
  25. Prasad S, Uniyal P, Chauhan DS (2015) Composition and structure of Himalayan Oak (Quercus leucotrichophora A. Camus) forest under various degrees of disturbance. Journal of Forest and Environmental Science 1: 7-13 .
  26. Sharma CM, Ghildiyal SK, Gairola S, Suyal S (2009) Vegetation structure, composition and diversity in relation to the soil characteristics of temperate mixed broad-leaved forest along an altitudinal gradient in Garhwal Himalaya. Journal of Science and Technology 2: 39-45 .
  27. Chauhan DS, Prasad S, Singh V, Todaria NP (2014) Community composition, tree population structure in a temperate broad-leaved evergreen Oak forest along a disturbance gradient in Garhwal Himalaya, Uttarakhand, India. Indian Forester 140: 395-406

Citation: Chauhan DS, Lal P, Singh D (2017) Composition, Population Structure and Regeneration of Rhododendron arboreum Sm. Temperate Broad-Leaved Evergreen Forest in Garhwal Himalaya, Uttarakhand, India. J Earth Sci Clim Change 8: 430. DOI: 10.4172/2157-7617.1000430

Copyright: ©2017 Chauhan DS, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permitsunrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Top