Dersleri yüzünden oldukça stresli bir ruh haline sikiş hikayeleri bürünüp özel matematik dersinden önce rahatlayabilmek için amatör pornolar kendisini yatak odasına kapatan genç adam telefonundan porno resimleri açtığı porno filmini keyifle seyir ederek yatağını mobil porno okşar ruh dinlendirici olduğunu iddia ettikleri özel sex resim bir masaj salonunda çalışan genç masör hem sağlık hem de huzur sikiş için gelip masaj yaptıracak olan kadını gördüğünde porn nutku tutulur tüm gün boyu seksi lezbiyenleri sikiş dikizleyerek onları en savunmasız anlarında fotoğraflayan azılı erkek lavaboya geçerek fotoğraflara bakıp koca yarağını keyifle okşamaya başlar
Reach Us +443308186230

GET THE APP

Advances in Crop Science and Technology - First Reports of Tobacco Witch Weed (Striga gesnerioides) Parasitizing Dalbergia melanoxylon and Richardia scabra in Zimbabwe
ISSN: 2329-8863

Advances in Crop Science and Technology
Open Access

Our Group organises 3000+ Global Conferenceseries Events every year across USA, Europe & Asia with support from 1000 more scientific Societies and Publishes 700+ Open Access Journals which contains over 50000 eminent personalities, reputed scientists as editorial board members.

Open Access Journals gaining more Readers and Citations
700 Journals and 15,000,000 Readers Each Journal is getting 25,000+ Readers

This Readership is 10 times more when compared to other Subscription Journals (Source: Google Analytics)

First Reports of Tobacco Witch Weed (Striga gesnerioides) Parasitizing Dalbergia melanoxylon and Richardia scabra in Zimbabwe

Koga C1*, Mabasa S2, Mazarura U2, Garwe D1 and Rukuni D1
1Tobacco Research Board, Box 1909 Harare, Zimbabwe
2University of Zimbabwe, 630 Churchill Avenue, Harare, Zimbabwe
*Corresponding Author: Koga C, Tobacco Research Board, Box 1909 Harare, Zimbabwe, Tel: +263-4-575289, Email: ckoga2012@gmail.com

Received: 04-Oct-2017 / Accepted Date: 24-Oct-2017 / Published Date: 27-Oct-2017 DOI: 10.4172/2329-8863.1000311

Abstract

Striga infestation presents a major constraint to crop production in agricultural systems. The tobacco witch weed, Strigagesnerioides occurs widely in Africa and other parts of the world where it is known to parasitize mainly cowpea (Vignaunguiculata) and other dicotyledonous plants. In Zimbabwe, the parasitic weed was first confirmed in the Nyikavanhu area of Mvuma in the year 2007 and research was initiated to study this parasitic weed and recommend control strategies. A few more reports have been received of the parasitic weed infesting tobacco in other growing regions. However, despite having been reported widely on cowpea in other countries, S. gesnerioides has not been documented on this and related crops in Zimbabwe. Interestingly, in previous research conducted in Zimbabwe, it was established that cowpea induces suicidal germination of S. gesnerioides seeds but resulting in no further developmental stages such as haustorial attachment. This led to the conclusion that the species strain reported elsewhere on cowpea could be a different biotype from the one currently parasitizing tobacco in Zimbabwe. Thus it was felt that cowpea could then be used in tobacco crop rotations as a trap crop by inducing suicidal germination of parasite’s seed. This current work reports the occurrence of S. gesnerioides on other plants in addition to tobacco.

Keywords: Tobacco; Striga infestation; Dalbergia melanoxylon

New Alternative Hosts

Dalbergia melanoxylon (African blackwood)

The African blackwood, Dalbergiamelanoxylon was found (27 January 2017) parasitized for the first time by S. gesnerioides (Figures 1 and 2) in Mvuma (S18°58.4', E030°37.9'), Zimbabwe. The host plant was observed in the black clay soils in non-cultivated lands but closer to the tobacco fields. This had not been previously recorded. Dalbergia is a large genus of small to medium sized trees, shrubs and lianas in the pea family, Fabaceae[1]. The genus has a wide distribution and is native to the dry regions of Africa from Senegal to Eritrea and to the North-Eastern parts of South Africa. The discovery of new host plant in the same agro systems with tobacco could elucidate the possibility of D. melanoxylon as an alternative host of S. gesnerioides.

advances-crop-science-technology-Uprooted-parasitized

Figure 1: Uprooted parasitized Dalbergia spp .

advances-crop-science-technology-Association-gesnerioides

Figure 2: Association of S. gesnerioides and D. melanoxylon.

Richardia scabra (Mexican clover)

In addition to Dalbergiamelanoxylon, S. gesnerioides was also found (21 February 2017) parasitizing the weed Mexican clover, Richardiascabra (Figure 3) in sandy loamy soils of Dotito (S16°34.0', E031°34.6'). Richardiascabra is a weed of economic importance in the tobacco agro systems in Zimbabwe. It is a herbaceous flowering plant in the coffee family and normally grows in sandy soils [2]. In Dotito, the Mexican clover weeds were being parasitized by S. gesnerioides in maize, sorghum and groundnut plots; while in tobacco fields, both tobacco and the Mexican clover were parasitized. The occurrence of S. gesnerioides on R. scabra presents a wild host species which would potentially act as refugia or alternate host during the tobacco offseason period and result in serious infestation on tobacco during the season. Richardiascabra is also a problem weed in plots where Katambora grass (Chlorisgayana) is grown. Tobacco fields are normally rotated with Katambora grass to control the plant parasitic nematodes, Meloidogynejavanica[3], thus if R. scabra is not effectively controlled, this may favour the perpetuation of S. gesnerioides, resulting in serious parasitism on the tobacco after the Katambora rotation. Were it not for the parasitic association of S. gesnerioides with tobacco, the witch weed would have been an ideal candidate for the biological control of R. scabra in tobacco lands [4]. On a different note, soil reclamation of Striga-infested soils using R. scabra as a catch crop followed by ploughing down the R. scabra infested weeds, could be a possible alternative since the weed is less difficult to control compared to the S. gesnerioides. This would be beneficial only if done prior to flowering and production of seed by the Striga [5].

advances-crop-science-technology-Striga-gesnerioides

Figure 3: Striga gesnerioides attached to Richardia roots and in groundnut field.

Conclusion

This report of S. gesnerioides parasitizing Dalbergiamelanoxylon and Richardiascabra provides possible alternative hosts of the tobacco witchweed in Zimbabwe. The information is vital in managing S. gesnerioides in tobacco lands and other cropping systems. Care must be taken to reduce human, animal and farm implements aided seed dispersal and awareness campaigns should be conducted in the growing regions to educate the farmers on the control measures. Possible control measures should include uprooting of the flowering parasitic plants whenever possible to avoid further seed production as the seeds can remain dormant in the soil for years.

Acknowledgements

The authors are thankful to the farmers in Mvuma and Dotito for their valuable contribution to this paper as they provided information and the plant specimens for identification. Special thanks also go to the National Herbarium Centre for assisting in species identification.

References

  1. Amri E, Kanyeka ZL, Lyaruu HVM, Nyomora AS (2009) Evaluation of genetic diversity in Dalbergiamelanoxylon populations using random amplified polymorphic DNA markers. Research Journal of Cell and Molecular Biology 3: 71-79.
  2. Poonkodi K, Ravi S (2017) Phytochemical investigation and in vitro antimicrobial activity of Richardiascabra. Bangladesh Journal of Pharmacology 11: 348-352.
  3. Koga C, Mwenje E, Garwe D (2011) Response of tobacco cultivars to varying fertiliser levels in Strigagesnerioides infested soils in Zimbabwe. Agricultural Journal 6: 347-352.
  4. Haussmann BIG, Hess DE, Welz HG, Geiger HH (2000) Improved methodologies for breeding Striga-resistant sorghums. Field Crops Research 66: 195-211.
  5. Oswald A (2005) Striga control-Technologies and their dissemination. Crop Protection 24: 333-342.

Citation: Koga C, Mabasa S, Mazarura U, Garwe D, Rukuni D (2017) First Reports of Tobacco Witch Weed (Striga gesnerioides) Parasitizing Dalbergia melanoxylon and Richardia scabra in Zimbabwe. Adv Crop Sci Tech 5: 311. DOI: 10.4172/2329-8863.1000311

Copyright: © 2017 Koga C, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Top