Journal of Ecosystem & Ecography
Open Access

Biodiversity threats; Conservation; COVID-19; Impacts; Nature; Wildlife

The globally connected emergencies of climate change, ecological degradation, and accelerating biodiversity loss are going to drive the increasing economic disparities. As a result, far greater reflection on national priorities and integration into our policy initiatives, strategies, and laws are obliged to take necessary measures. There is an association between environmental health and human well-being and COVID-19. The fundamental link between the health of the natural habitat and the wellbeing of living things is perhaps the most urgent need for policymakers. The implications for human health and the global financial system have indeed been devastating, forcing public health and financial frameworks to the crisis level and undermining food security.

The COVID-19 pandemic has raised fears in people, families, businesses, and organizations all over the world, like all millions of infections and thousands of deaths confirmed worldwide. The daily case count is increasing exponentially, and the approach response has been equally sweeping. Because of the magnitude of infections and deaths caused by the virus, it has become the most prominent and commonly discussed topic around the globe. A case of unfamiliar pneumonia was reported in late December 2019 in Wuhan, the Hubei Area, and the People’s Republic of China (PRC). The clinical highlights were significant compared to that of viral pneumonia.

It is impossible to predict how the disease will spread, how complex and long the economic downturn will last, or whether a pandemic would have a substantial effect on national affairs and the global economic order. Many of the short-term effects which have already been observed, however, have had the potential to have significant impacts on land use, wildlife, and biodiversity. People have become seriously ill, and in the middle of a general economic downturn, measures have been implemented to reduce demand for natural resources, halt natural tourism, disconnect mobility networks, and limit harvests and wildlife trade. It was already taken.

And around the world, conservation groups and environmental organizations endorse contextual natural and human resources from major initiatives to control the virus’s spread. This means that the suspension and prohibition of economic and social participation, as well as the imposition of lockdowns, will have both beneficial and detrimental effects on nature conservation across the continent. COVID-19 reinforces an important link between natural health and human health, and the importance of this link is better reflected in our priorities and policies, as well as the determination of our actions. Climate change could be the root cause of pandemic diseases, contributing significantly to biodiversity instability. Diseases and global public health issues, also biodiversity loss as well as climate change, have become extremely common in public discussion and policy prescriptions. These modifications were exacerbated by the global impact of the COVID 19 pandemic beginning in early 2020, particularly by trying to suggest the origin of the SARS-Cov-2 virus in illegally traded wildlife [1].

Because of a lack of food resulting from the emergence of the restriction, wild animals are among those affected by the coronavirus pandemic. Particularly in developing countries. Its owners have also decided to abandon it due to an underlying fear that it could spread COVID-19. The worst-case scenario is that the COVID-19 pandemic will result in illegal poaching of roaming animals and exposure to other deadly predators due to insufficient wildlife management and surveillance. As a result, the goal of this work was to review on COVID 19 disease outbreak as a threat to animal welfare.

Recent Related Work Analysis

Impact of COVID-19

The world is currently facing a pandemic of SARS-CoV-2 and related illnesses, a major illness caused by COVID-19. The government is taking drastic steps to curb the spread of the disease, including an international travel ban and a sanction on hundreds of millions of people. These measures have significant socio-economic implications as businesses and industries suspend or reduce their businesses. Although there have been many studies on the psychological and economic consequences of barriers, few studies have been published on the effects of blockades on wildlife and biodiversity. Biodiversity studies during the “quiet time” of the blockade can help maintain an undisturbed ecosystem and its services. The COVID-19 pandemic distresses the world’s biodiversity [2].

During the corona pandemic, especially during the blockade stage, some positive effects related to the animal kingdom were observed. During the blockade phase, the animal had an enlarged, uninterrupted area. In some areas, wildlife can be found on roads and in residential areas. Less traffic, less human intervention, and less pollution thrived wildlife rooms. It was a rare phenomenon on the street. Wild animals have returned to the areas deprived of them. However, as mobility increased, these animals became vulnerable to poaching. Significant increases in wildlife poaching have been observed in some areas during the blockade. In areas that are not specifically protected or designated as specific wildlife areas.

Disease burden of COVID-19

The Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) originated from an animal source, as have an estimated 60 percent of human infectious diseases. The pandemic emphasizes the need to prepare for, prevent, detect and respond to such diseases in areas where the next pandemic is likely to take hold. The risk is highest where there is close interaction between wildlife and intensifying livestock or agricultural production and is often exacerbated where agriculture has encroached upon or put pressure on natural ecosystems. Particularly risky “spillover settings” include live animal markets and regions where there is a rise in wild meat consumption. The general overuse of antimicrobial drugs has caused a surge in Anti Microbial Resistance (AMR), adding to the risk of new or untreatable diseases [3].

Thinks about by many authors like Badola (2020), Gordo (2020), Manenti (2020) affirmed that case of animal well-being is cleared out unregulated animals could be seriously threatened and lead to wildlife exhaustion. This might, in sequence; increase human-animal conflicts and the aggressive waves of corona impacts are all-embracing. Alongside humans, animals dwelling in urban areas, as well as the wild ones, are getting stressed. COVID-19 could be a new expansion to the disease burden of country rural households. The case rate is still quickly expanding in biodiversity-rich Africa, Latin America, and the Indian sub-continent. The infection debilitates productive adults and causes overabundance mortality, lessening families’ income. Superintendents and preservation officers are affected, diminishing preservation work and authorization against illegal asset extraction. The relationship between worldwide public health and preservation has changed drastically throughout 2020 and 2021. In an expansive portion, the growing convergence of these two concerns has developed from the proposed root of SARS-Cov-2 and the coming about COVID-19 widespread in wildlife sold within the wet markets of Wuhan. This examination has centered on bats and pangolins, both known supplies of coronaviruses, and has cautioned the worldwide open to the broad and illicit worldwide exchange of imperiled animals as a site of potential ‘’viral spillover’’ to people.

Effects of COVID-19 on research and conservation perspective

The pervasive impacts of the pandemic on all aspects of human society display inquiries about opportunities that would not otherwise have occurred. While a few socio-ecological frameworks will inevitably return to their pre-pandemic states, others maybe for all time altered. The COVID-19 pandemic has driven shifts in human activities and portability patterns that have changed all angles of society. Unforeseen opportunities to examine relationships between humans and nature have arisen and studies have empowered around the world monitoring of our oceans’ soundscapes to measure how the pandemic-related reduction of activities influences noise levels, and in this way wildlife in different ecosystems, from small scale to huge life forms [4].

Human activities are abolishing, corrupting, and fragmenting nature at an unprecedented rate, directly affecting our resilience to future pandemics. By throwing ecosystems off balance, human activities have turned natural areas from our first line of defense into hot spots for disease emergence. Reversing this trend is critical for preventing the next pandemic long before it can enter human communities. Thus, the pandemic reveals emerging challenges that require innovative solutions and new ways of working to enhance efforts to sustain healthy ecosystems and support human well-being.

The zoonotic origins of COVID-19, coupled with its socioeconomic challenges have highlighted the importance of developing initiatives that incorporate forest communities and other stakeholders, as critical partners in the development of solutions to social, economic, and environmental problems The issue of the COVID-19 pandemic has got global attention and a majority of the world countries combined into a top need of approaches, strategies, and by-laws. Extraordinarily the developing countries are genuinely injured and have been constrained to implement a variety of measures such as fully and mostly lockdown to restrict the spread of the pandemic in their particular regions. These measures have had coordinated negative financial impacts allinclusive, particularly for the foremost defenseless districts confront financial emergency and straightforwardly or by implication it causes thwarting to wildlife as well [5].

Our globe has been confronting weight due to continuous wellbeing issues experienced. Thus, stakeholders, preservationists, and other concerned bodies ought to take quick activity broadly, regionally, or all-inclusive to play down the advanced emergencies that lead to wildlife job push and lessen. The decreased outdoor activity of people or wildlife managers, protectionists, other concerned government institutions, and NGOs. This work investigated that lockdown due to COVID-19 has brought a substantial decrease in animal checking and this, in turn, put wildlife at hazard. The world threatened by pandemics has appeared the need to set global rules and embrace calming advances to play down the weight. However, as we move to a post-pandemic world, a few nations are diminishing their natural administration and shields, with characteristic assets seen as “capital” to build financial recuperation plans.

Implications for conservation

FAO (2020) addressed that there were health challenges at the human-livestock-wildlife-ecosystem interface. It concluded that One Health should be expanded to encompass modifications to natural habitats and changes in agricultural practices and human behavior. The approach should also incorporate community-based solutions, to better understand conflicting human-wildlife stakeholders at all levels (national, regional, local) and the challenges of cross-sectoral collaboration between ministries and state agencies. The root causes of pandemic diseases may be climate changes which lead to biodiversity crises. Resisting these entangled crises requires combined strategies and uncommon participation to realize a sensible nature-positive financial reclamation and a sustainable future for both human and non-human living creatures. The standardized estimations pre, in the midst of, and a while later are recommendable to be planned for such all of a sudden occurred events. The impacts of a pandemic can make up for harming socio-economics, indeed it creates political instability around the world although the magnitude varies from county to county that in turn influences the implementation of bylaws for natural life management and conservation.

Researchers who have been considering frameworks sometimes recently the coronavirus widespread are especially well set to monitor these frameworks amid and after the crisis. In hone, we may frequently get to make do with less than this perfect re-purposing of ancient observations and matching them with new ones as closely as down to earth, but this could be profitable. Valuable themes for investigation will depend on how the pandemic creates and will change between locations, but we offer a few conceivable cases here with the trust of inspiring others [6].

Different factors in the wildlife such as insecurity, interconnectedness, indistinctness, context-dependence, and other human-induced factors make interrelated global catastrophes a complex and wicked problem. Thus this work suggested that better ecological and wildlife conservation and human need assessments based on action should be satisfactorily prompted to confront the challenges of emerging diseases and other associated problems that may face unpredictably and in an uncontrollable way to humans and wildlife nowadays.

• Expose wildlife’s to illegal hunting

• Risk to increase transmission of Zoonotic disease to humans

• Reduction in Community engagement programs

• Halt on Research activities

• Disruption of Revenue Generation

Author’ Declaration

Data availability statement: The author confirms that the data supporting the findings of this study is available within the article.

Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate

Not applicable

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