Biopolymers Research
Open Access

Algal biopolymers; Bioplastic alternatives; Sustainable materials; Marine biomass; Green packaging; Renewable polymers; Eco-friendly plastics; Algae-based films; Environmental impact; Biodegradable composites

Introduction

The environmental crisis caused by conventional plastic waste has intensified the search for sustainable alternatives, especially in the packaging and single-use product sectors. Among the various bioplastic candidates, algal biopolymers have emerged as a particularly promising resource. Derived from fast-growing, non-arable biomass such as seaweed and microalgae, these biopolymers do not compete with food crops and can be cultivated in marine environments without freshwater or fertilizers [1-5]. Algae contain polysaccharides like agar, alginate, and carrageenan, which exhibit excellent film-forming, gelation, and emulsifying properties. These attributes make them suitable for producing biodegradable plastics that are not only eco-friendly but also functional. This study focuses on evaluating the performance of bioplastics derived from algal biopolymers, assessing their mechanical properties, water resistance, biodegradability, and suitability for real-world applications [6-10].

Discussion

Algae-based bioplastics offer several environmental and economic advantages. Algal cultivation sequesters CO₂, requires minimal land and water, and can be integrated with wastewater treatment, enhancing its ecological appeal. The extracted biopolymers—such as sodium alginate from brown algae—can be combined with plasticizers like glycerol and reinforced with natural fibers to improve flexibility and mechanical strength. Comparative analysis with petroleum-based plastics shows that while algal bioplastics may lag in water resistance and tensile strength, they excel in biodegradability, renewability, and compatibility with food-grade applications. The addition of crosslinking agents and nano-reinforcements (e.g., cellulose nanofibers) can significantly enhance barrier and structural properties, making them more competitive. Biodegradability studies indicate complete degradation in soil and composting environments within a few months, further affirming their environmental value. However, challenges remain in large-scale extraction, consistency in polymer quality, and economic viability. More research is also needed to improve thermal resistance and scalability without compromising biodegradability.

Conclusion

Algal biopolymers represent a viable and sustainable alternative to conventional plastics, with considerable potential for packaging and disposable product applications. Their favorable environmental profile, combined with functional versatility, positions them as a promising component of future bioplastic solutions. To fully harness their potential, ongoing efforts should focus on optimizing formulations, improving performance characteristics, and developing cost-effective production techniques. With growing awareness and regulatory support for biodegradable plastics, algae-derived bioplastics could play a key role in driving the transition toward a circular and bio-based economy.