Dersleri yüzünden oldukça stresli bir ruh haline sikiş hikayeleri bürünüp özel matematik dersinden önce rahatlayabilmek için amatör pornolar kendisini yatak odasına kapatan genç adam telefonundan porno resimleri açtığı porno filmini keyifle seyir ederek yatağını mobil porno okşar ruh dinlendirici olduğunu iddia ettikleri özel sex resim bir masaj salonunda çalışan genç masör hem sağlık hem de huzur sikiş için gelip masaj yaptıracak olan kadını gördüğünde porn nutku tutulur tüm gün boyu seksi lezbiyenleri sikiş dikizleyerek onları en savunmasız anlarında fotoğraflayan azılı erkek lavaboya geçerek fotoğraflara bakıp koca yarağını keyifle okşamaya başlar
Reach Us +44-330-822-4832

GET THE APP

Journal of Fisheries & Livestock Production - Variations of Some Electrolytes in the Plasma of Black Jaw Tilapia (Sarotherodon melanotheron) Exposed to Some Pesticides in the Laboratory
ISSN: 2332-2608

Journal of Fisheries & Livestock Production
Open Access

Our Group organises 3000+ Global Conferenceseries Events every year across USA, Europe & Asia with support from 1000 more scientific Societies and Publishes 700+ Open Access Journals which contains over 50000 eminent personalities, reputed scientists as editorial board members.

Open Access Journals gaining more Readers and Citations
700 Journals and 15,000,000 Readers Each Journal is getting 25,000+ Readers

This Readership is 10 times more when compared to other Subscription Journals (Source: Google Analytics)

Variations of Some Electrolytes in the Plasma of Black Jaw Tilapia (Sarotherodon melanotheron) Exposed to Some Pesticides in the Laboratory

Ogubunka SO* and Ike-Obasi JC
African Regional Aquaculture Center, Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research, Nigeria
*Corresponding Author: Ogubunka SO, African Regional Aquaculture Center, Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research, Nigeria, Tel: +234 80 2315 7558, Email: phinasteco@yahoo.com

Received: 10-Sep-2018 / Accepted Date: 28-Sep-2018 / Published Date: 09-Oct-2018 DOI: 10.4172/2332-2608.1000281

Keywords: Contaminants; Tilapia; Electrolytes; Plasma; Aquatic environment

Introduction

Pollution of aquatic environments through the use of pesticides results in acute and chronic contamination of fish and other organisms. Though pesticides are often misunderstood to refer only to insecticides, the term pesticide also applies to herbicides, fungicides, acaricides and other substances used to control pest. The pesticides impair some important organs in the system of the fish [1], skeletal system [2] and produce disturbances in serum electrolytes of the exposed fish [3]. Recently, the magnitude of pesticides utilization, and their means of application including their abuse especially in agriculture have been of much concern to environmental scientists. Alongside their uses are also the residual effect of these pesticides and particularly their concomitant effect on human health [4]. On the other hand, some amount of the chemicals used in the form of pesticides end up in the tissue of aquatic organisms and bio-accumulates with time especially in the blood [5].

Plasma in freshwater fishes, particularly in clariids, is hyperosmotic. These fishes are active hyper-osmo-regulators, as they have to face hyper-hydration and ion losses by simple diffusion. Therefore they have to maintain osmotic and ionic homeostasis by means of uphill intake of ions across the intestinal and branchial epithelium at the expenditure of energy [6]. The prevalence of hyponatremia, hypokalemia and hypocalcemia in fish under stress is the reflection of the malfunctioning of gills and kidneys or it may be due to acidity in the water medium [7]. Hyponatremia results in hypervolemia, because damaged kidneys cannot maintain osmotic gradient due to water accumulation in plasma [7]. To the best of our knowledge, very little attention is paid towards the serum electrolyte and arterial blood gases’ levels in fish that could be used as a powerful biomarker in assessment of health of fish and environment in which they inhabit. Keeping in view the current status of our natural aquatic environments and the use of pesticides and their leaching impacts on these environments, the present study was conducted to investigate the effect of acute concentrations of nickel sulphate on serum electrolytes in S. melanotheron.

Materials and Methods

Experimental location

The study was carried out in African Regional Aquaculture Centre, an outstation of Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research, Buguma, Rivers State, Nigeria.

Experimental fish

Seventy five S. melanotheron (mean length 8.02 ± 1.12 cm; mean weight 85.12 ± 2.75 g) were sourced from ponds during the low tide. The fishes were transported in six open 50l open plastic containers to the laboratory and acclimated for a period of seven days.

Preparation of test solutions and exposure of fish

Three pesticides paraquat dichloride (PARAQ), 2,2-dichlorovinyl phosphate (DDVP) and dimethoate (DMC) used in this experiment were purchased from a commercial outlet in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. S. melanotheron fish were exposed to each of the chemical at the concentrations of 0.00 controls, 1.00, 1.50, 2.00, 2.50 and 3.00 mg/L in triplicates. Five fishes were randomly distributed into each test tank. The experiment lasted for a period of 14 days. The water in the tanks was renewed daily. The fish were fed twice daily at 3% body weight with a commercial feed.

Determination of blood serum electrolytes

At the end of each experimental period, 2 ml of fresh blood sample was collected by making a caudal puncture with the help of fine needle and poured in heparinized sample bottles. Serum was separated by centrifugation at 10,000rpm for 5-8 minutes in TG20-WS Tabletop High Speed Laboratory Centrifuge. Serum electrolytes such as Na+, K+, Ca2+ and Cl- were determined by using Hitachi 902 automatic analyzer (Japan), following the method described by Gabriel [8]. All the tests were performed in triplicates.

Statistical analysis

All the data were expressed as mean and standard deviation of mean. The statistical package, SPSS Version 22 was used for the data analysis. The means were separated using two way ANOVA and the two means were considered significant at 5% (P<0.05).

Results

The resultant effects of paraquat dichloride on the electrolytes in the plasma of S. melanotheron are presented in Table 1. It was observed that sodium ion (Na+) and K+ increased with increasing concentrations of the pesticides. Also Ca2+ decreased significantly when compared to the control values. While Cl- were within the same range of 13.0- 15.0. In the plasma of fish exposed to DDVP, these ions Na+, K+, and HCO3- fluctuated significantly (P<0.05) when compared to the control values. While Na+ and K+ increased and peaked at 2.50 mg/L of the chemical. The values of calcium ions reduced significantly with increasing concentrations of the chemical. Whereas Cl- ion were within the same range of 14.00-15.00 across the concentrations (Table 2). In the fish treated with DMC there was significant variation across the concentrations of exposure in all the ions. At the same time Na+ and K+ increased and peaked at 2.50 mg/L of the chemical (Table 3).

Conc.(mg/L) Na+ Ca2+ K+ Cl-
0.00 37.10  ± 1.04a 26.80 ± 2.45c 4.20 ± 0.98a  
0.50 47.30  ± 2.05b 22.04 ± 2.02c 6.70 ± 1.43a 13.00 ± 1.87a
1.00 51.30 ± 1.20b 20.80 ± 1.21c 8.60 ± 0.43a 14.00 ± 1.91a
1.50 64.50  ± 1.54c 18.90 ± 2.12b 10.70 ± 0.15b 15.00 ± 1.01a
2.00 69.50  ± 1.22c 14.30 ± 1.45b 14.80 ± 1.31c 15.00 ± 2.01a
2.50 75.20  ± 2.76d 9.70 ± 1.11a 19.10 ± 1.43c  

Means in the same column with different superscripts are significantly different (p<0.05)

Table 1: Effects of paraquat dichloride on the electrolytes ions in the plasma of S. melanotheron (Mean ± SD).

Conc.(mg/L) Na+ Ca2+ K+ Cl-
0.00 37.10  ± 1.04a 26.80 ± 2.45c 4.10 ± 0.72a  
0.50 42.70  ± 2.32a 26.03 ± 2.95c 7.10 ± 1.21a 15.00 ± 1.54a
1.00 51.10 ± 1.09b 24.43 ± 1.21b 10.50 ± 1.91b 14.00 ± 1.71a
1.50 58.90  ± 1.02b 20.20 ± 2.81b 16.70 ± 1.24b 15.00 ± 1.91a
2.00 63.40  ± 1.99c 15.50 ± 1.67a 18.20 ± 1.43c 14.00 ± 2.14a
2.50 69.60  ± 2.41c 10.20 ± 1.02a 20.10 ± 1.11c  

Means in the same column with different superscripts are significantly different (p<0.05)

Table 2: Effects of 2,2-dichlorovinyl phosphate on the electrolytes ions in the Plasma of S. melanotheron  (Mean ± SD).

Conc.(mg/L) Na+ Ca2+ K+ Cl-
0.00 37.30  ± 1.08a 24.50 ± 2.02c 4.40 ± 0.22a  
0.50 46.11  ± 2.81a 23.31 ± 2.34c 6.60 ± 1.78a  
1.00 48.81 ± 1.03a 20.29 ± 1.73b 7.20 ± 1.32b 16.00 ± 1.98a
1.50 51.91  ± 1.31b 18.18 ± 2.84a 8.10 ± 1.98b 15.00 ± 1.91a
2.00 53.05  ± 1.21b 17.06 ± 1.43a 8.80 ± 1.81c 15.00 ± 2.65a
2.50 58.18  ± 2.12c 15.21 ± 1.09a 8.90 ± 1.71c  

Means in the same column with different superscripts are significantly different (p<0.05)

Table 3: Effects of Dimethoate (DMC) on the electrolytes ions in the plasma of S. melanotheron (Mean ± SD).

Discussion

Electrolytes are needed for osmo-regulatory purposes in the body system of living organisms, thus electrolyte balance in the body of organism is necessary for the normal function of cells and organs. Gabriel [9], revealed that the basic function of electrolytes in the body include the control of fluid distribution, intracellular and extracellular acido-basic equilibrium so as to achieve proper maintenance of osmotic pressure of body fluids and normal neuro-muscular irritability. Therefore, alterations of the electrolyte balance of an organism would adversely affect the organism concerned.

Any type of deviation in plasma electrolytes level can be used as indicator for the assessment of kidneys function. In this study, in toxicant exposed fish, an alteration in electrolytes is an indication of loss of renal function. This was confirmed by Ates [10] in rainbow trout exposed to some heavy metals in the laboratory. It was inferred that selected heavy metal acts as neuro-toxicant, as changes in form, frequency, or posture of swimming movements of treated groups of fish was observed, with changes often occurring much earlier than mortality.

It is investigated that plasma Na2+ levels in all freshwater fishes are higher than Ca2+. It is an essential electrolyte in plasma and is found in bound state with plasma proteins [11]. It is interesting that is needed by erythrocytes to maintain their functional entity. Ca2+ in fish is use as a powerful tool in assessment of health of fish and environment in which they inhabit. Ca2+ helps in clotting of blood, takes part in contraction of muscles, controls the excitability of nerves and also is involved in certain hormone activity [6]. In contrast to Na2+, the lower values of Ca2+ concentrations were observed in treated fish compared to control. It was suggested that the experimentally stressed fish tried to control excitability of nerves and has lost integration of voluntary muscles [6].

It is investigated that plasma levels of K+ in tilapia fish remain unaffected by the factors affecting the gill electrolyte permeability. But the factors that cause acidosis such as stress induced by pesticide compels the muscle to release K+ into plasma, thus resulting in increased plasma levels of K+ [12]. Eddy [12] stated that hypo-kalemia in fish might be associated with the alkalosis, cutaneous or intestinal losses of K+ or due to metal toxicity. Thus hypo-kalemia in pesticide treated fish is an indication of incidence of alkalosis cutaneous or intestinal loss of K+. The alterations of electrolytes in fish under stress is the reflection of the malfunctioning of gills and kidneys or it may be due to acidity in the water medium [6,7].

Conclusion

This study also showed that each of the toxicants caused significant alterations in electrolytes profiles of the exposed S. melanotheron, a clear indication that their usage in the fields and water environment may be a threat to aquatic biota. Sustainable and environmental friendly farming systems must be advocated for in different parts of the country. That will help preserve both the environment and the organism.

References

  1. Rao JV (2006) Toxic effects of novel organophosphorus insecticide (RPR-V) on certain biochemical parameters of euryhaline fish, Oreochromismossambicus. Pest Biochem Physiol 86: 78-84.
  2. Vatukuru SS (2005) Acute effects of hexavalent chromium on survial, oxygen consumption hematological parameters and some biochemical profiles of Indian major carp, Labeorohita. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2: 456-462.
  3. Akinrotimi OA, Nte MD (2011) Changes in electrolytes in selected organs of Black chin tilapia (Sarotherodon melanotheron) treated with industrial effluent. Int J Environ Sci 1: 25-30.
  4. Agrawal A, Ravi SP, Bechan S (2010) Water pollution with special reference to Pesticide Contamination in India. Journal of Water Resource and Protection 2: 432-448.
  5. Kori-Siakpere O, Ubogu O (2008) Sub-lethal haematological effects of zinc on the freshwater fish, Heteroclarias spp. (Osteichthys: Clariidae). Afr J Biotechnol 7: 68-73.
  6. Ip YK, Chew SF, Randall DJ (2001) Ammonia toxicity, tolerance, and excretion. Fish Physiol 20: 109-148.
  7. Thrall MA, Weiser G, Allison R, Campbell T (2012) Veterinary hematology and clinical chemistry. John Wiley & Sons.
  8. Gabriel UU, Akinrotimi OA, Ariweriokuma SV (2012) Alterations of selected electrolytes in organs of African catfish, Clarias gariepinus treated with cypermethrin. Advances in Students Research 2: 53-60.
  9. Gabriel UU, Uedeme-Naa B, Akinrotimi OA (2011) Pollutant induced altered behaviours in fish: A review of selected literature. J Technology and Education in Nigeria 16: 9-23.
  10. Ates B, Orun I, Talas ZS, Durmaz G, Yilmaz I (2008) Effects of sodium selenite on some biochemical and hematological parameters of rainbow trout (OncorhynchusmykissWalbaum) exposed to Pb2+ and Cu2+. Fish Physiol Biochem 34: 53-59.
  11. Bansal S, Lindenfeld J, Schrier RW (2009) Sodium retention in heart failure and cirrhosis. Circulation Heart Failure 2: 370-376.
  12. Eddy EB (1985) Uptake and loss of potassium by rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) in freshwater and dilute sea water. J Exp Biol 118: 277-286.

Citation: Ogubunka SO, Ike-Obasi JC (2018) Variations of Some Electrolytes in the Plasma of Black Jaw Tilapia (Sarotherodon melanotheron) Exposed to Some Pesticides in the Laboratory. J Fisheries Livest Prod 6: 281. DOI: 10.4172/2332-2608.1000281

Copyright: © 2018 Ogubunka SO, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Top