Abstract

Structural biology seeks to understand the molecular architecture and function of biomolecules, including proteins, nucleic acids, and their complexes. Over the years, advanced biophysical techniques have become integral to elucidating the three-dimensional structures of these molecules at atomic and near-atomic resolutions. Methods like X-ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) have revolutionized our understanding of biomolecular structures and their dynamic behaviors. This manuscript provides an overview of these advanced techniques, highlighting their principles, strengths, and limitations. Additionally, we explore their applications in drug discovery, disease modeling, and understanding the mechanics of biomolecular interactions. As structural biology continues to evolve, the integration of multiple techniques has proven invaluable in overcoming challenges and providing a more holistic view of macromolecular function.