Abstract

Aging is fundamentally linked to metabolic reprogramming and increased heterogeneity across biological scales. Studies employing single-cell and spatial metabolomics reveal dynamic shifts in mitochondrial, central carbon, lipid, and amino acid metabolism, coupled with heightened metabolic diversity in aged cells, tissues, and organs [1, 2, 5, 9, 10]. These alterations involve changes in glycolysis, fatty acid oxidation, and oxidative phosphorylation, impacting cellular function, tissue integrity, and contributing to age-related pathologies [3, 4, 8]. Furthermore, systemic factors like gut microbiota influence metabolic signatures of longevity [7]. The pervasive metabolic dysregulation and heterogeneity offer critical insights into the mechanisms of aging and potential therapeutic targets [6].