Abstract

Cancer is a dynamic and evolving disease characterized by genetic mutations, alterations in signaling pathways, and interactions with the tumor microenvironment. The progression from a single mutated cell to a metastatic tumor involves a series of complex steps, including clonal evolution, angiogenesis, immune evasion, and invasion into surrounding tissues. This manuscript reviews the molecular mechanisms underlying these processes, highlighting key mutations and signaling pathways that drive cancer progression and metastasis. In particular, we focus on the role of oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, and the dysregulation of critical pathways like PI3K/Akt, MAPK, and Wnt/β-catenin. We also explore the dynamic interactions between tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment (TME), including cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), immune cells, and extracellular matrix (ECM) components. Understanding cancer cell dynamics at the molecular level offers opportunities for the development of targeted therapies aimed at preventing metastasis and improving patient outcomes.