Abstract

Cervical Intra-epithelial Neoplasia (CIN) is a precancerous condition characterized by abnormal cellular changes in the cervical epithelium. It is primarily associated with persistent infection by high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) types, particularly HPV-16 and HPV-18. CIN is classified into three grades (CIN 1, CIN 2, and CIN 3) based on the extent of epithelial involvement. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying CIN and its progression to cervical cancer is critical for developing effective prevention and treatment strategies. This article explores the pathophysiology, diagnostic methods, and clinical implications of CIN, emphasizing its role in cervical cancer progression.