Abstract

Recent analyses show global vaccination coverage progressed from 2000-2019, significantly reducing vaccine-preventable dis ease burden. However, socioeconomic disparities and geographic barriers persist, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. The COVID-19 pandemic severely disrupted routine immunization services worldwide, causing declines in vaccination rates due to fear, restrictions, and resource diversion. Key drivers of vaccine uptake include education, wealth, and health system access. Ur gent efforts are needed for catch-up campaigns, resilient infrastructure, and targeted interventions to restore and maintain optimal immunization coverage globally.