Abstract

Crystallization is a critical process in the pharmaceutical and chemical industries, used to purify compounds and define solid-state properties. Polymorphism, the ability of a compound to crystallize in more than one form, profoundly impacts solubility, bioavailability, and stability. Understanding and controlling crystallization and polymorphic outcomes are essential for regulatory compliance, intellectual property, and product performance. This article reviews the principles of crystallization, types of polymorphism, factors influencing crystallization pathways, and modern strategies for characterization and control.