Abstract

Exercise critically regulates skeletal muscle proteostasis, mitochondrial function, and overall metabolic health. It enhances insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake, particularly beneficial in type 2 diabetes. Physical activity modulates key myokines like FGF21 and significantly impacts autophagy and the gut microbiota, influencing systemic metabolic and immune responses. These adaptations, especially in mitochondrial respiration, are vital for endurance performance and energy metabolism, highlighting exercise as a multifaceted intervention for health and disease.