Abstract

Cervical cancer remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among women worldwide. While human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the primary etiological factor, chemical carcinogens also play a significant role in cervical carcinogenesis. Exposure to environmental toxins, tobacco smoke, dietary carcinogens, and industrial pollutants can contribute to DNA damage, genomic instability, and the progression of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) to invasive cancer. This article explores the mechanisms by which chemical carcinogens influence cervical cancer development, their interaction with HPV, and potential strategies for prevention and mitigation.