Abstract

Cervical cancer, primarily driven by human papillomavirus (HPV), remains a global health challenge, particularly in low-resource settings. Immunotherapy, including anti-PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors and HPV-targeted therapeutic vaccines, has emerged as a promising treatment for advanced or recurrent disease. This article reviews the mechanisms, clinical trial outcomes, and challenges of immunotherapy in cervical cancer. Key trials like CheckMate 358 demonstrate significant response rates with nivolumab, while vaccine-based approaches show potential in early-stage disease. Challenges include limited efficacy in non-HPV-driven tumors and managing immune-related toxicities. Future directions involve combination therapies and biomarker development to enhance outcomes.