Abstract

Introduction: Migraine is the most important cause of pediatric consultations due to headaches, because of significant distress and disability for child and their family. For this reason, a correct and timely treatment is very important.

Objectives and methodology: This article reviews the current knowledge about migraine treatments in children and adolescents. With the term “migraine” we refer to all migraine subtypes. Literature search was carried out in PubMed for all studies and reviews published until December 31st, 2018.

Results: The treatment of pediatric migraine is multidisciplinary. It is based on an integrated biobehavioral approach and a pharmacological intervention with use of symptomatic and/or prophylactic drugs.

Discussion: In the literature, data on the current clinical practice on treatment of pediatric migraine are very limited. We evaluated the use of acute and preventive drugs, nutraceuticals and non-pharmacological treatments.

Acute or symptomatic treatment is always more effective when given early during the attack. NSAIDs, especially ibuprofen, should be preferred to acetaminophen for treating acute attacks of migraine, because they were usually more effective and well tolerated. If NSAID are not effective, triptans could be used more frequently as first for treating migraine attack in adolescents.

Migraine prophylaxis includes a large number of drugs but relatively few rigorous, randomized controlled studies have been carried out in children and adolescents. According to the main guidelines or systematic reviews for preventive treatment of paediatric migraine flunarizine is recognized as the first choice drug for prophylaxis, followed by propanolol, amitryptiline, pizotifen, cyproheptadine and antiepileptic drugs (topiramate and valproate).

Therefore, the use of non-pharmacological treatments should be implemented in clinical practice, especially in cases with contraindications or poor tolerability or efficacy to preventive drugs.

Conclusions: Pediatric RCTs, based on larger samples sizes and innovative study protocols, involving multicenter studies and primary care services (to reduce selection bias), are needed to better understand the most effective and safe treatment strategies for pediatric migraine patients and define “responders” profile.

Keywords: Migraine; Treatment; Children; Adolescents; Pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment migraine and children; Pediatric treatment; Drugs for acute and chronic migraine treatment in children